Ukuba kukho imifuno enye efumene indawo esisigxina egadini nasekhitshini, yipepile. Ukusuka kweyase-Itali emnandi yokuqhotsa (jonga iintlobo zepelepeleUkususela kwiipepile zetshili ezivavanya ukunyamezela kwethu ubuqholo, ukulima iipepile kunento ethile umlutha kubo bonke abantu abathanda ukulima izityaloAsisosityalo esilula ukuqala ngaso, kodwa ngezikhokelo ezicacileyo siba sisityalo esinomvuzo kakhulu nesivelisa iziqhamo.
Kule sikhokelo uza kufumana yonke into oyifunayo ukuze ukwazi ukulawula "ulawulo lweepepile," ukususela kwimozulu yazo neemfuno zomhlaba ukuya ekutyaleni, ekuhlwayeleni izityalo ezintsha, ekunkcenkcesheleni, ekutyeni, ekutheneni, ekugawuleni izihlahla, nasekulawuleni izinambuzane. ezona zinambuzane zixhaphakileyo kunye nezifoNgaphezu koko, siza kubona umahluko phakathi kokulima ngaphandle, phantsi kweglasi kwanakwiinkqubo ze-hydroponic, ukuze ukwazi ukulungelelanisa ulawulo ngokwendawo okuyo kunye nezixhobo zakho.
Kuthetha ukuthini ukulima ipepile kwaye kutheni kuyingxaki kangaka?
Ipepile, ipepile okanye itshili zezohlobo lwesityalo ICapsicum, ngaphakathi kosapho lakwaSolanaceaeKufana netamatato okanye i-eggplant. Uhlobo olulinywa kakhulu kwiigadi nakwiifama zorhwebo yi I-Capsicum annuum, nangona kukho ezinye iintlobo ezine ezibalulekileyo ezifuywayo (C. chinense, C. baccatum, C. frutescens, C. pubescens), kunye nokwahlukahluka okukhulu kweemilo, ubukhulu, imibala kunye namanqanaba okunonga.
Imvelaphi yayo ikwi UMbindi noMzantsi Merikaapho yayifuywa khona ngamaxesha angaphambi kwamaHispanic kwaye ukusuka apho yasasazeka kwihlabathi liphela. Namhlanje ilinywa phantse kuzo zonke iindawo ezinemozulu efudumeleyo nefudumeleyo. Amazwe afana neSpain, iMexico, iTshayina, kunye neTurkey ngabavelisi abakhulu, kwaye kwimeko yeSpain, ipepile sisityalo esibalulekileyo kuzo zombini iigreenhouses kumzantsi-mpuma njengakwimimandla evulekileyo.
EYurophu, iSpain yeyona nkampani iphambili ekuveliseni nasekuthumeleni iipepile ezintsha, igxile kwiimarike ezifana neJamani, iFransi, kunye ne-United Kingdom. Iindawo eziphambili ekuveliseni yi-AlmerÃa (ikakhulu iindawo zokugcina izityalo), iSithili saseMurcia, iindawo zeValencian Community (iValencia kunye neAlicante), kunye neendawo zaseNavarre, eLa Rioja, nase-Extremadura, apho iipepile zilinywa khona kakhulu [ezingacacanga - mhlawumbi "ukutya" okanye "umthengi"). imboni kunye notshintsho (ukugalela iipepile, ipaprika, njl.njl.).
Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwayo kwezoqoqosho, ipepile ibalasele ngokuguquguquka kwayo ekuphekeni: ityiwa isandul’ ukutyiwa, itshisiwe, iqhotsiwe, igcwele, yomisiwe, igutywe njengepaprika, ityiwe... kwaye, ewe, njenge izinongo ezibukhali kwiindlela zokupheka ezingenakubalwa yemveli evela kwihlabathi liphela.
Iintlobo zepepile: ukusuka kwincasa ukuya kwishushu kakhulu
Iipepile zingahlulwa-hlulwa ngeendlela ezininzi (ngokweentlobo, ukusetyenziswa, imilo, njl.njl.), kodwa ngeenjongo ezisebenzayo egadini nasekhitshini zihlala zahlulwahlulwa ngokwe incasa, imilo kunye nobukhulu besiqhamo:
- Ipepile emnandiIziqhamo ezinkulu nezinenyama ezinolusu oluqinileyo. Zingaba luhlaza, zibomvu, zimthubi, okanye ziorenji. Olu didi luquka iintlobo ezaziwayo zaseCalifornia naseLamuyo, ezilungele ukutyiwa zintsha, zirostiwe, okanye zifakwe izinto zokugquma. Kukwakho neentlobo ezincinci ezifana ne Ipepile yePadrón.
- Ipepile yaseItaliZinde, zineendonga ezincinci, zilungele ukuqhotswa. Zidla ngokutyiwa ziluhlaza, ngaphambi kokuba zivuthwe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye zinencasa ithambile kwaye imnandi kancinci.
- Iipepile ezishushu okanye iitshilisiNgokwesiqhelo zincinci, zinemilo eyahlukahlukeneyo (ende, ezijiyileyo, ezijikelezileyo). Zisetyenziswa kakhulu njengesinongo esitsha okanye esomileyo, okanye kwiisosi. Eli qela liquka ii-jalapeños, iipepile ze-cayenne, ii-habaneros, iipepile ze-chili, iipepile ze-chili ezityheli, iipepile ze-Tabasco, njl.njl. Izikhokelo ezithile ziyafumaneka kwabo bazikhulisa kwiindawo ezincinci. iipepile ezishushu.
- Iipepile zokuhombisaZikhethelwe umbala kunye nokuma kweziqhamo zazo kunye nokubonakala kwesityalo. Ziqhelekile kwiigadi, kwiimbiza, nakwiibalcony, kwaye ezinye ziyatyiwa, kodwa zixabiseke kakhulu ngenxa yazo umdla wokuhombisa.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba iipepile ezininzi esizibonayo ezinemibala eyahlukeneyo (umzekelo, eluhlaza nebomvu) ziluhlobo olufanayo olukwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zokuvuthwa: isiqhamo Oluhlaza aluvuthwanga, obomvu uvuthiweUkutshintsha kombala kudla ngokuthetha ukwanda kobumnandi kunye nomxholo weevithamini, nangona kukwathetha ubomi obufutshane emva kokuvunwa.
Imofoloji kunye nefiziyoloji yepepile
Inkqubo ebanzi
Isityalo sepepile siphuhlisa inkqubo yeengcambu ezinzulu nezinamasebe apheleleyoIneengcambu ezinde ezimfutshane, kodwa ineengcambu ezininzi ezilandelanayo nezingena ngqo phakathi kwe-50 cm kunye ne-1 m zijikeleze isityalo. Uninzi lweengcambu ezisebenzayo zixinene phakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-40 cm ubunzulu, nto leyo echaza uvakalelo lwayo kwi ukufutha kweengcambu kunye nokungafumani amanzi kakuhle.
Isiqu kunye namasebe
Ipepile inesiqu esime nkqo, esinokufikelela kuso, ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye neemeko zokukhula. ukuphakama phakathi kwe-0,5 kunye ne-1,5 mNangona ithathwa njengesityalo esinezityalo, isiseko sesiqu ekugqibeleni siba yimithi xa sikhula. Xa sifikelela kubude obuthile, kuvela into ebizwa ngokuba yi-"cross", apho isiqu esiphambili sahlukana sibe ngamasebe amabini okanye amathathu, athi wona aqhubeke ehlukana kabini de kube sekupheleni komjikelo.
Amagqabi
Amagqabi apheleleyo, anobukhulu obuguquguqukayo, anesimo esifana nesangqa okanye esijiyileyo, anombala oluhlaza okotshani kwaye anemvakalelo entle. igudile kwaye ikhazimla kwimithaZifakwa ngokwahlukana kwisiqu. Kukho ulwalamano oluthile phakathi kobukhulu bokugqibela begqabi kunye nobunzima obuqhelekileyo besiqhamo: izityalo ezinamagqabi amancinci kakhulu zivame ukuvelisa iziqhamo ezingakhulanga kakuhle ukuba ulawulo lwesondlo kunye nokunkcenkceshela alwanelanga.
Iintyatyambo kunye ne-pollination
Iintyatyambo zepepile zivela zodwa kwi-axils zamagqabi, zihlala kwindawo apho kuvela khona amasebe. Ziintyatyambo ezincinci, ezihlala zihluma. i-corolla emhlophe kunye ne-calyx yee-sepals ezintandathuIneepetali ezintandathu kunye neestamens ezintandathu. I-ovary ingcono, kwaye i-stigma idla ngokuba kwinqanaba elifanayo ne-anthers, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuzivundisa. Nangona kunjalo, ukuvundisana okuthile kungenziwa emasimini avulekileyo, ingakumbi zizinambuzane.
Iziqhamo nembewu
Isiqhamo sisiqhamo esingenanto esinamacangca ama-2 ukuya kwa-4, abonakala ngakumbi kwiintlobo ezinde kunezo zingqukuva. Umbala ekuvuthweni kwezityalo uxhomekeke kuhlobo kwaye unokuba luhlaza, bomvu, tyheli, orenji, mfusa okanye mhlopheUbunzima besiqhamo buyahluka ukusuka kwiigremu ezimbalwa (iitshili ezincinci) ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-500 g kwiipepile ezinkulu.
Imbewu ifana ne-reniform (imile okwezintso), ithambile, inombala otyheli okhanyayo, kwaye ubude bayo buyi-3 ukuya kwi-5 mm. Imele malunga ne-0,25% yobunzima besiqhamo. Ifakwa kwi- i-placenta ephakathi ekhonkxiweyo ngaphakathi kwequnube. Kwigram enye, imbewu ephakathi kwe-150 kunye ne-300 ingafumaneka, kwaye izinga lokuhluma liphezulu (malunga ne-95-98%) ukuba igcinwe kakuhle.
Imbewu ayibonakalisi ukungakwazi ukuhluma okuphawulekayo: xa isetyenziswa ngamanzi, ioksijini, kunye nobushushu obufanelekileyo, iyahluma ngaphandle konyango lwangaphambili. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ikhutshwe kwiziqhamo ezingakafiki kwixesha lokuvuthwa ngokupheleleyo, izinga lokuhluma kwazo kunye namandla ezityalo anokuchaphazeleka. yehla kakhulu.
I-physiology esisiseko kunye nomjikelo wobomi
Ipepile ithathwa njengohlobo ayinandaba ne-photoperiodNangona ifuna ubuncinane iiyure ezi-6 zokukhanya ngosuku, ixesha elifanelekileyo lokukhanya liphakathi kweeyure ezili-12 ukuya kwezili-15 kunye nokukhanya okunamandla. Kwiindawo ezinamaqondo obushushu aphantsi, isityalo sizuza kwiintsuku ezinde ukuze sigcine ukukhula okwamkelekileyo.
Ukubonakala kweentyatyambo zokuqala kufuna ukuba ezinye 8-10 amagqabi okwenyaniso kunye neemeko ezilungileyo zokukhanya, ubushushu, kunye nokufuma. Kumaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-15°C, iintyatyambo ziyayeka ukuvela, kwaye xa amaqondo obushushu edlula i-35°C, ingakumbi ukuba umoya womile kakhulu, ukuhluma kweziqhamo kuyaphazamiseka kakhulu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuweni kweentyatyambo kunye neziqhamo ezisandula ukumiselwa.
Umjikelo wokukhula uxhomekeke kakhulu kuhlobo, uhlobo lokulinywa (intsimi evulekileyo okanye indlu eluhlaza), kunye nobushushu obuqhelekileyo. Ngokubanzi, iipepile zifuna ubushushu obuqhelekileyo bemihla ngemihla obukufutshane ne-24 ºC ukuze ikhule kakuhle. Ukukhula okungaphantsi kwe-10°C kuyayeka, kwaye xa kushushu kakhulu nomoya owomileyo, isiqhamo asibi kakhulu.
Iimfuno zemozulu, umhlaba kunye namanzi
Imozulu kunye nobushushu
Iipepile ngokucacileyo zizityalo i-thermophilic kunye nehloboUmlinganiselo wokukhula kwayo owamkelekileyo umalunga ne-15 ukuya kwi-32 ºC, kwaye iqondo lokukhula elilungileyo liphakathi kwe-20 kunye ne-30 ºC. Ngexesha lokudubula nokukhula kwesiqhamo, inyamezela amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kancinci, kodwa amaqondo obushushu ahlala ixesha elide angaphezu kwe-35 ºC abangela ukuwa kweentyatyambo kunye nokuphelelwa yiziqhamo.
Ayinyamezeli iqabaka; ukuba ubusika bubanda kwindawo okuyo, kuya kufuneka usebenzise igreenhouse okanye uhlehlise ukutyala ngaphandle ude umngcipheko weqabaka udlule. amaqondo obushushu asondele kuma-0 ºCUkutshintshatshintsha okukhulu kobushushu phakathi kwemini nobusuku nako kubangela iingxaki zokungalingani kwezityalo kunye nokukhubazeka kweziqhamo.
Ngokuphathelele ukufuma okungqongileyo, ikhula phakathi kwama-50 nama-70%. Ngaphezulu kolo luhlu, umngcipheko [wesifo/ingxaki] uyanda kakhulu. izifo zefungus kumagqabi, iziqu kunye neziqhamokwaye ukuchumisa kuyathintelwa. Ukuba umswakama uphantsi kakhulu kwaye uhambelana nobushushu obukhulu, isiphumo sidla ngokuba kukuwohloka kweentyatyambo kunye neziqhamo ezincinci.
Umhlaba kunye ne-pH
Iipepile ziyaziqhelanisa neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba, ukuba nje zinomoya oneleyo kwaye ziyakwazi ukufunxa amanzi kakuhle, kuba azinangxaki nokufuma. ukufunxwa ingcambuIkhetha le mihlaba ilandelayo:
- Ubume be-loam okanye i-sandy loam.
- Inzulu (30-60 cm nangaphezulu), ikhululekile kwaye icwangciswe kakuhle.
- Ityebile kwizinto eziphilayo (malunga ne-3-4%).
- Xa i-pH isondele kwi-neutral, iphakathi kwe-6,0 kunye ne-7,0 (ingcono kakhulu yi-6,5-7,0).
Kwimihlaba ene-pH emalunga ne-5,5, idla ngokuba yimfuneko izilungiso okanye izilungiso ze-calcareous Ukuphucula ukufumaneka kwezondlo. Ngaphantsi okanye ngaphezulu kakhulu koluhlu olucetyiswayo, isivuno siyahlupheka, kwaye ukunqongophala okanye ubuthi bubonakala lula. Iipepile zibonisa ukunyamezela okuphakathi kwetyuwa, kokubini emhlabeni nasemanzini okunkcenkceshela, kodwa ubuninzi betyuwa ekugqibeleni buchaphazela ukukhula kunye nokuzala kweziqhamo.
Iimfuno zamanzi
Iipepile zizityalo ezifuna amanzi amaninzi, kodwa kwangaxeshanye zinobuthathaka kakhulu kwi... ukugqithisa kunye notshintsho olukhawulezileyo kumswakamaIkhetha ukunkcenkceshela rhoqo, okuphakathi, ukugcina umhlaba umanzi rhoqo. Imbalela kunye nokugcwala kwamanzi kubangela iingxaki zokudubula, ukuzala kweziqhamo, ukuphazamiseka komzimba kwisiqhamo, kunye nokwanda kokuchaphazeleka kwezifo.
Kwiinkqubo ze-greenhouse eziqinileyo kunye ne-hydroponic, kuqhelekile ukusebenzisa ukunkcenkceshelaLe nkqubo ivumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwesantya sokuhamba kwamanzi, ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwesisombululo sezondlo (i-pH kunye nokuqhuba kombane), kunye nokufakelwa ngokuchanekileyo kwezityalo. Kwimihlaba evulekileyo, ikwayindlela efanelekileyo kakhulu, inciphisa ukulahleka komphunga kwaye ithintele amagqabi ukuba angamanzi—isitshixo sokuthintela ukukhula kwefungus.
Ehlotyeni, xa amaqondo obushushu ephezulu, kudla ngokuba yimfuneko ukunkcenkceshela rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezimbini okanye yonke imihla, uphephe amaxesha ashushu kakhulu emini. Okona kulungileyo, nkcenkceshela kuqala kusasa okanye xa kutshona ilanga ukuze isityalo sikwazi ukufunxa umswakama. Sebenzisa ngcono umswakama kwaye unciphise ukufumaI-mulch yendalo (ingca, iintsalela zezityalo, umgquba, njl.njl.) inceda kakhulu ekulondolozeni amanzi nasekugcineni umhlaba uzinzile.
Ukuhlwayela iipepile: nini kwaye njani ukuqala
Ixesha lokuhlwayela
Kwimozulu epholileyo yasemantla e-hemisphere, ukuhlwayela kudla ngokuqala e- Intwasahlobo, phakathi kukaMatshi noMeyi (Nini kwaye njani ukutyala iipepileXa umngcipheko weqabaka elinzima udlulile. Kwiindawo ezibandayo kakhulu, ukuhlwayela kuyalibaziseka ngakumbi, okanye kusetyenziswa iibhedi zembewu ezikhuselweyo kunye nokufakelwa emva kwexesha. Kwizindlu zokugcina izityalo, kunokwenzeka ukucwangcisa imijikelo phantse unyaka wonke, uhlengahlengise imihla yokuhlwayela kunye nokufakelwa ukuze kuthintelwe iqabaka kunye namaxesha obushushu obugqithisileyo.
Ibhedi yembewu okanye ukuhlwayela ngqo
Nangona ukutyala ngqo emasimini avulekileyo kunokwenzeka xa imozulu ilungile, eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo (necetyiswayo) kukuvelisa okanye ukuthenga izithole iibhedi zembewu eziphuhliswe kakuhle (jonga ukukhulisa iipepile ngembewuOku kunciphisa ukulahleka kwembewu (okungabizi kakhulu), kunciphisa umjikelo wentsimi, kwaye kwenza kube lula ukuqala isivuno ngendlela efanayo.
Ukulungiselela isiseko sebhedi yembewu, umxube wesiseko esikhanyayo esimalunga ne-75% kunye ne-25% yesiseko i-humus yemibungu esemgangathweni olungileyoLe nxalenye inika isakhiwo esifana nesponji, izondlo ezikhoyo kunye neentsholongwane eziluncedo, nto leyo ekhuthaza uphuhliso lokuqala lweengcambu.
Beka imbewu enye okanye ezimbini kwiseli nganye, uyigqume kancinci, uze uyinkcenkceshele ngamanzi afudumeleyo. Gcina iitreyi zembewu kwindawo enobushushu obungaguqukiyo kunye nokukhanya okuhle, uphephe ukubanda. Ukuba ubushushu bumalunga nama-24°C, ukuhluma kudla ngokukhawuleza kwaye kufane.
Ukutyala imbewu ngqo emhlabeni kunokwenzeka kuphela xa amaqondo obushushu ezinzile kwaye kungekho mngcipheko wokubanda okufike emva kwexesha. Ukuba kufika imvula ebandayo, izithole ezisandula kuhluma zisenokukhula. uza kufa kwiiyure ezimbalwa, ukulahla yonke imisebenzi yangaphambili.
Ukufakelwa kokutyala kunye nobuninzi bezityalo
Ixesha lokutshintshela
Ixesha elifanelekileyo lokutshala kuxa isityalo sele siphuhlisile amagqabi aliqela. amagqabi okwenyani, akhiwe kakuhle (ngaphaya kwee-cotyledons) kwaye isiqu sinobume obuthile. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yeengcambu iphuhliswe ngokwaneleyo ukuze imelane notshintsho ukuya kumhlaba wokugqibela ngaphandle kokulibaziseka okugqithisileyo.
Ngaphambi kokuba utyale, kubalulekile ukulungisa umhlaba kakuhle: uwuvundise umoya, ususe ukhula, kwaye ufake isichumiso esifanelekileyo. izinto eziphilayo ezibolile kakuhle, iimbungu ezicoliweyo, kwaye ukuba kufanelekile, izichumisi zeminerali eziphilayo Ishiya indawo yokutyala ilungele ukuhluma ngamandla.
Iifreyimu kunye noxinano kwindawo evulekileyo
Kwizityalo ezivulekileyo, ubukhulu beefreyimu eziqhelekileyo buqala phakathi:
- Umgama phakathi kwemigca: 0,8 ukuya kwi-1,2 m.
- Umgama phakathi kwezityalo ezikumqolo: 0,3 ukuya kwi-0,5 m.
Ezi ndibaniselwano zinika uxinano phakathi I-20.000 kunye ne-35.000 yezityalo ngehektare nganyeNgokuxhomekeke kuhlobo, ubungakanani besiqhamo, inkqubo yokunkcenkceshela kunye nenqanaba loomatshini (ukuba uza kungena ngetrektara okanye umatshini, kuya kufuneka ube nendawo engakumbi phakathi kwemiqolo).
Uxinano kwi-greenhouse nakwi-hydroponics
Kwizindlu zokugcina izityalo, uxinano lwezityalo ludla ngokuba phezulu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba indawo ekhuselweyo isetyenziswe ngcono. Iipateni eziqhelekileyo zokutyala zezi:
- Phakathi kwemigca: 0,8 ukuya kwi-1,0 m.
- Phakathi kwezityalo: 0,25 ukuya kwi-0,5 m.
Ngale migama, kulula ukufikelela kuyo Izityalo ezingama-30.000-40.000 ngehektare nganyekwaye nangaphezulu kwama-50.000 kwizityalo ezivunyiweyo kakhulu kunye nolawulo olucokisekileyo kakhulu. Kwiinkqubo ze-hydroponic ezine-substrate (uboya belitye(i-perlite, i-coconut fiber…) kuqhelekile ukusebenza ngezityalo ezi-3-3,5 nge-m², nto leyo elingana nezityalo ezingama-30.000-35.000 ngehektare nganye.
Indlela yokwenza uqhaqho-fakelo
Xa utyala, kuyacetyiswa ukuba wenze umngxuma omkhulu kancinci kunebhola yengcambu yesityalo, uze wongeze inani elincinci lezinto [ezisetyenziswayo] ezantsi. i-humus yombungu okanye umgquba ovuthiweyo Beka isityalo nzulu kancinci kunokuba sasinjalo kwitreyi yembewu, nangaphezulu kwee-cotyledons, ukuze uzinze ngakumbi. Emva koko gcwalisa ngomhlaba ocolekileyo, ucinezele kancinci, uze unkcenkceshele kakuhle ukuze ukhuphe iipokotho zomoya. Ukuze ufumane imiyalelo yokutyala iimbiza, ungajonga [ikhonkco lemiyalelo]. ukutyala iipepile kwiimbiza.
Ukunkcenkceshela kunye nesondlo: izitshixo zepepile enempilo nevelisayo
Ubuninzi bokunkcenkceshela kunye nolawulo
Emva kokutshala, kucetyiswa ukunkcenkceshela okuninzi ukunceda isityalo sikhule iingcambu kwaye siziqhelanise nendawo yaso entsha. Ukususela ngoko, amaxesha okunkcenkceshela ahlengahlengiswa ngokwesigaba sokukhula: ngexesha lesigaba sokukhula kwezityalo, ukunkcenkceshela kunokuba kuncinci, ngelixa ngexesha ukuqhakaza, iseti yeziqhamo kunye nokutyebisa iziqhamo Kuya kufuneka ukuba amanzi anikwe rhoqo nangokuchanekileyo.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuphepha ukuguquguquka: ukusuka kumhlaba owomileyo kakhulu ukuya kumhlaba ogcwele amanzi kukhuthaza iingxaki ezinje ngokuqhekeka kweziqhamo, ukubola kweengcambu, kunye nokuphelelwa ziintyatyambo. Ekunkcenkcesheleni ngamaconsi, izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi liyakhula. I-1 ukuya kwi-3 l/h nge-dripper nganyeXa zibekwe kwindawo enye emva kwe-30-50 cm, oku kudla ngokunika iziphumo ezilungileyo. Kwimihlaba enesanti eninzi, kuya kufuneka ukuba kususwe iidrippers kufutshane okanye kuncitshiswe isantya sokuhamba kwamanzi ukuze kugcinwe umswakama ofanayo.
Ukuze uphephe ukuxakeka ngokuvula nokucima inkqubo yokunkcenkceshela, kuluncedo kakhulu ukuyenza ngokuzenzekelayo ngee-timers. Oku kuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle, konga amanzi, kwaye kwenza izinto zibe lula. ukulungiswa kwe-fertigation kwiimfuno zesityalo.
Izichumisi kunye nokuchumisa
Iipepile zifuna kakhulu izondlo. Zifuna ubungakanani obukhulu benitrogen (N), iphosphorus (P), kwaye ingakumbi ipotassium (K) ngexesha lesigaba sokuhluma, ukongeza kwicalcium (Ca), imagnesium (Mg), kunye nezinto ezilandelelanayo ezifana neboron, isinyithi, kunye ne-zinc. Kwi-fertigation, isitshixo sisekulungiseni isisombululo sezondlo kunye nokulawula izinga lokusetyenziswa. i-pH kunye nokuqhuba kombane emanzini okunkcenkceshela kunye namanzi amdaka.
Ngexesha lokuqala kwesityalo, kuqala ukulungelelana okukhuthaza ukukhula kwamagqabi kunye neengcambu. Njengoko kusondela ukudubula, ukubonelela nge-potassium kunye ne-calcium kuyandiswa kancinci kancinci ukulungiselela isityalo ukuba sibe nesiqhamo esihle kunye nomgangatho olungileyo. I-nitrogen egqithisileyo ixesha elide ibangela izityalo ezinamandla kakhulu kunye namagqabi amaninzi, kodwa iziqhamo ezimbalwa kwaye zisengozini enkulu yezinambuzane.
Izichumisi zendalo (umgquba, umgquba obolile kakuhle, iimbungu ezicoliweyo) ziyacetyiswa kakhulu ekuphuculeni ulwakhiwo lomhlaba kunye nokondla ubomi beentsholongwane. Kwiinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela ngamaconsi, ukugcinwa okufanelekileyo kubalulekile, kusetyenziswa ii-oxidizing agents ezifana ne-hydrogen peroxide ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuthintela ukuvaleka kwe-emitters kunye nemibhobho.
Ukugawula kunye nokusika iipepile
Imfuneko yokufundiswa
Izityalo zepepile, ingakumbi iintlobo ezineziqhamo ezinkulu okanye isivuno esikhulu, zihlala zithwala ubunzima obukhulu kumasebe azo. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso efanelekileyo, kuqhelekile ukuba zibe buhlungu. goba okanye waphule amasebe xa isivuno sifikelele kwimveliso epheleleyo. Ke ngoko, njengakwiitumato, ukugawula istaki kuyacetyiswa kakhulu.
Inkqubo yokubambelela ingenziwa ngeentonga, izibonda zomthi, iintambo ezithe nkqo ezinamathele kwiingcingo ezingaphezulu, okanye indibaniselwano yezinto ezahlukeneyo. Injongo kukugcina isityalo sime nkqo kangangoko, amasebe exhaswe kakuhle, ukuze ukukhanya nomoya kujikeleze ngcono kwaye ukuthintela ukwaphuka nokonakala ngenxa yobunzima besiqhamo.
Ukuthena: xa kufanelekile
Ukuthena iipepile yinto exoxwa kakhulu ngabalimi. Abanye abazichukumisi kangako izityalo, ngelixa abanye bethena ngokukhetha ukuphucula ukujikeleza komoya kunye namandla ajolise kwiindawo ezivelisayo. Ngokusekelwe kumava asebenzayo, indlela ephakathi idla ngokusebenza:
- Musa ukuzichukumisa iintlobo zeziqhamo ezincinci nezinamasebe amaninzi (ezifana neepepile ezininzi zetshili) ngaphandle kokususa amagqabi anesifo.
- Kwiipepile zase-Itali okanye ezineziqhamo ezinkulu, susa amahlumela asezantsi kakhulu ngaphantsi "komnqamlezo" ukuba atya izixhobo ngaphandle kokufaka isandla kwimveliso.
- Yenza ukuthena okulula nokujoliswe kuko ukuze unciphise iindawo ezixineneyo kakhulu kwaye thintela utyani obuninzi ezantsiethanda iifungi.
Izinambuzane kunye nezifo zepepile
Uninzi lwezinambuzane eziqhelekileyo
Izinambuzane ezihlasela iipepile zifana kakhulu nezo zihlasela iitumato nezinye izityalo ze-nightshade. Phakathi kwezona zixhaphakileyo zezi:
- I-Red spider mite (Tetranychus spp.)Izinambuzane ezincinci ezitya ngokufunxa incindi emagqabini. Zivelisa amabala atyheli ekugqibeleni abe yimfuza. Xa zihlaselwe kakhulu, zinokwenza ulwelwesi oluncinci olugubungela inxalenye enkulu yesityalo.
- Intsholongwane enuka kakubi eluhlaza (Nezara viridula): isinambuzane esihlala siluhlaza esihlaba size sifunxe incindi yamagqabi neziqhamo, nto leyo ebangela amabala, ukukhubazeka kunye nobuthathaka besityalo ngokubanzi.
- Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci nezinye)Iimazi zazo zibeka amaqanda phantsi kwamagqabi. Iinymphs kunye neenkonyana ezindala zifunxa incindi kwaye zikhupha i-honeydew, apho kuvela khona i-sooty mold. Zingasebenza njenge iintsholongwane ze-virus.
- I-Leafminer (iLiriomyza spp.)Iimbungu zimba iigalari ezibonakalayo nezijikelezayo kumphezulu wegqabi. Umonakalo uyanciphisa indawo yomphezulu we-photosynthesis kwaye ubuthathaka isityalo, nangona iigalari ezimbalwa zidla ngokungaba yintlekele.
- Iithrips (uFrankliniella occidentalis)Ezi zizinambuzane ezincinci (1-2 mm), ezinde, ezimdaka ezibangela amabala anombala wesilivere kumagqabi nakwiintyatyambo ngokufunxa incindi kwiiseli zazo ezingaphezulu. Zikwasasaza iintsholongwane kwaye zinokuyonakalisa kakhulu iziqhamo xa zihlaselwe kakhulu.
- Ii-Aphids (i-Aphis spp.)Iikoloni zezinambuzane ezincinci eziqokelelana kumahlumela athambileyo nangaphantsi kwamagqabi, zifunxa incindi kwaye zivelise i-honeydew. Ngaphandle kokuyenza buthathaka isityalo, zinceda ukubonakala... ifungi ye-saprophytic kunye nokudluliselwa kwentsholongwane.
Ukuze ilawuleke, ulawulo oludibeneyoUkubeka esweni rhoqo, imigibe ye-chromatic, ukukhululwa kweentshaba zendalo (ezifana nee-parasitoids kunye nezilwanyana ezizingelayo), ukusetyenziswa kweemveliso zebhayoloji (isepha ye-potassium, iioyile zemifuno, iifungi ze-entomopathogenic) kwaye, kuphela xa kuyimfuneko, iimveliso zokukhusela izityalo ezineekhemikhali ezikhethiweyo ngokuhambelana amaxesha okhuseleko kunye nezilwanyana eziluncedo.
Izifo eziqhelekileyo
Izifo eziphambili ezichaphazela iipepile yifungus, bacterial, kunye neviral. Phakathi kwezona zibalulekileyo zezi:
- I-Downy mildew (iPhytophthora infestans kunye neP. capsici)Iifungi ezikhula kakuhle kwindawo enomswakama ophezulu (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-90%). Zivelisa amabala angacacanga, arhabaxa kumagqabi, izilonda ezimdaka kwiziqu, kunye nokubola kweziqhamo. Ukuphepha ukugcwala kwamanzi kunye nokufuma okugqithisileyo kubalulekile.
- Powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica)Ibonakala njenge-mycelium emhlophe neyimpuphu ebonakala phezu kwamagqabi. Ihluma phakathi kwe-10 kunye ne-35°C, kwaye iimeko zingcono ngaphantsi kwe-30°C. Inciphisa i-photosynthesis kwaye ingakwazi susa amabala kakhulu kwisityalo ukuba ayilawulwa.
- Ukungunda okungwevu (Botrytis cinerea)Ivelisa amabala amdaka anomgubo ongwevu (i-fungal mycelium) kumagqabi, iziqu, iintyatyambo, kunye neziqhamo. Inxulunyaniswa neendawo ezifumileyo, ukuxinana kwezityalo, kunye nokungena komoya kakuhle, ingakumbi kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo.
- Ngenye indlela: ibangela amabala amnyama aqinileyo kumagqabi nakwiziqhamo, adla ngokuthandwa kukuxinezeleka kwezityalo okanye umonakalo odlulileyo.
- Amabala eebhaktheriya kunye nokubola okuthambileyoIintsholongwane ezibangela izilonda ezithambileyo nezinamanzi kwiziqu nakwiziqhamo, ezihlala zihamba nevumba elibi. Zikhula kakuhle emanxebeni, emanzini atshizayo, nakwi izixhobo zokuthena ezingabulawanga ntsholongwane kakuhle.
- Iintsholongwane ezifana ne-TMV, i-CMV, i-TSWVI-Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), i-cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), kunye ne-tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) zibangela iipateni ze-leaf mosaic, ukukhubazeka, kunye nokuncipha kwesivuno. Akukho nyango luthe ngqo, ngoko ke ukuthintela kuxhomekeke ekusebenziseni imbewu esempilweni, ukulawula ii-vectors (ii-aphids, ii-thrips, ii-whiteflies), ukususa izityalo ezichaphazelekileyo, kunye nokugcina impilo entle yomhlaba. ucoceko lwezixhobo nezandla.
Amaqhinga okuthintela aquka ukujikeleza izityalo, ukusebenzisa iintlobo ezinyamezelayo okanye ezimelana nezifo apho kunokwenzeka khona, ulawulo olucokisekileyo lokunkcenkceshela ukuze kuthintelwe ukudala iimeko ezifanelekileyo zefungi, umoya ococekileyo kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo, kunye nokugcina ibhalansi yesondlo (umzekelo, i-nitrogen engaphezulu idla ngokwenza isityalo sithambe kwaye sibe sesichengeni ngakumbi).
Ukuvuna iipepile
Isivuno sidla ngokuqala phakathi Iintsuku ezingama-60 kunye ne-90 emva kokutshintshwaNgokuxhomekeke kuhlobo, imozulu, kunye nolawulo, iipepile eziluhlaza zivunwa xa zingekavuthwa, sele zifikelele kubungakanani obufunekayo bokuthengiswa kodwa zingekatshintshi ngokupheleleyo umbala. Iipepile ezibomvu, ezimthubi, okanye eziorenji zivunwa xa zivuthiwe, xa sele zifikelele kumbala wazo oqhelekileyo kunye nokumila kwazo okuqinileyo.
Ixesha lokuvuna lixhomekeke kwimarike okanye ekujoliswe ukuba isetyenziswe: xa usitya ekhaya, ungavuna kwangoko xa isiqhamo sifikelela kubukhulu obufunekayo, nokuba asikafiki kwinqanaba laso lobumnandi. Njengoko umbala ukhula, incasa idla ngokubonakala ngakumbi. imnandi kwaye inevumba elimnandi ngakumbiingakumbi kwiintlobo zase-Itali okanye zokurosta.
Phantse rhoqo ukuvuna kwenziwa ngesandla ukuze kungalimazi iziqhamo kwaye kuphulwe amasebe. Kucetyiswa kakhulu ukusebenzisa izikere okanye iimela ezicocekileyo nezibukhali; ukuba uzama ukutsala iipepile ngesandla, kulula ukuqhekeza amasebe apheleleyo kwaye ulahlekelwe yimveliso. Ukusikwa okucocekileyo kunye nesiqu kunciphisa umngcipheko wokuqhekeka. ukungena kwezifo ezibangela iintsholongwane kwisiqhamoUkuze ufumane iingcebiso ngokugcinwa kwezityalo emva kokuvuna, qhagamshelana indlela yokulondoloza iipepile eziluhlaza.
Ngokomzekelo, kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo ezikumzantsi weSpain, iipepile ezityalwe ehlotyeni ziqala ukuvunwa phakathi kuka-Okthobha noDisemba, kwaye ixesha lonyaka linokuthatha ixesha elide ukuya kutsho ku-Epreli okanye kuJuni kuxhomekeke kumjikelo okhethiweyo kunye nendlela isivuno esigcinwa ngayo.
Nangona kunjalo, iipepile ziqinisekiswa njengesityalo esinzima kodwa esinomdla, apho ukuqonda i-physiology yesityalo, ukulungisa umhlaba ngononophelo, ukufumana uxinano kunye nokunkcenkceshela ngokuchanekileyo, kunye nokugcina izinambuzane nezifo kude kwenza umahluko phakathi kweziqwenga ezimbalwa ezizimeleyo kunye nesityalo esiphumelele ngokwenene. ulwandle lweziqhamo ezimnandi okanye eziqholiweyo ezizele yincasaUkuzazi ezi nkcukacha kuya kukuvumela ukuba ukonwabele izityalo ezikhula ngamandla, isivuno esikhulu, kunye nemibala eyahlukeneyo, iimilo, kunye nemibala engapheliyo epleyitini yakho rhoqo ngexesha lonyaka.