Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ingcamango elula kodwa enamandla iye yangena kwingxoxo yenkcubeko: Sijonge imizoboKodwa phantse asikaze sijonge izityalo ezibonakala kuzoOku kungakhathalelwa, okubizwa ngokuba "yi-vegetal blindness," kube yindawo yokuqala yomboniso ojikeleza eSpain kwaye ucebisa indlela eyahlukileyo yokuhlola imbali yobugcisa.
Ngaphantsi kwesihloko "Izityalo kubugcisa. Izityalo kwiingqokelela zeMyuziyam yasePrado"Umboniso ohambahambayo okhuthazwe yiLa Caixa Foundation kunye nePrado Museum ubonisa indlela iintyatyambo, imithi, iziqhamo kunye nezihlahla ezingezizo nje imvelaphi entle, kodwa zizinto eziyinyani, ezibalisayo nezivakalayo kwimisebenzi engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu esusela kwiminyaka yakudala ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20.
Umboniso ohambahambayo otyhila igadi efihliweyo yePrado
Lo mboniso, oququzelelwe ngumlimi, umyili wendalo kunye nomphandi wezityalo UEduardo Barba, ivele okokuqala kwi IForam yaseCaixa eGironaapho inokutyelelwa khona kude kube ngumhla wama-23 ku-Agasti, kwaye emva koko iya kundwendwela amaziko ahlukeneyo eCaixaForum eSpain. Le projekthi yenzelwe ukuba ibe yeyokujikeleza kwaye iya kufikelela kwezinye iindawo kwiminyaka ezayo. I-Lleida, iTarragona, iZaragoza, iSeville kunye neValenciakunye nokuhlala iinyanga ezininzi kwindawo nganye, okuvumela abaphulaphuli abaninzi ukuba bajonge le mbono yezityalo ngobugcisa baseYurophu.
Emagumbini, iindwendwe zidibana Imisebenzi engama-53 evela kwiMyuziyam yeSizwe yasePradoezigubungela ixesha elide kakhulu: ukusuka kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yexesha lamaRoma (inkulungwane yoku-1) ukuya kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, efana nomhlaba waseCuenca ukususela ngo-1910. Ayizozinto nje ezinemifanekiso: ziyafana. umzobo kwiphaneli, ubhedu kunye ne-canvas, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yezityaloizinto zobugcisa zeporcelain kunye nezokuhlobisaUninzi lwazo alubonwa kangako ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kwaye ezinye azibonakali ixesha elide.
Uninzi lwale mifanekiso luvela kwi Iindawo zokugcina impahla zasePrado kwaye iye yafumana inkqubo yokulungisa enzulu ngokukodwa kulo mboniso. Ngokutsho kwabaququzeleli, malunga I-90% yemifanekiso eboniswayo EGirona, zibuyiselwe ukuze zifumane imibala, iinkcukacha kunye neenguqu zezityalo ezazishiywe lixesha.
Ibali laseYurophu leentyatyambo, iziqhamo kunye neempawu
Olu khetho lubonelela ngohambo oluya kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zemifanekiso zaseYurophu, zonke zidibene ngentambo efanayo: ubukho bezinto zezityalo ezinentsingiselo efuziselayo okanye ebalisayoIindwendwe zinokufumana imizekelo emele isikolo saseSpain—ngokugxininisa ngakumbi kwingqokelela yasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20—kunye neminye imisebenzi. IsiFlemish, uMntla Yurophu, isiTaliyane kunye nesiFrentshi.
Phakathi kwamagama adumileyo kukho abaculi abafana no UAnton van Dyck, uJan Brueghel uMdala okanye uNicolas PoussinLe misebenzi ikhumbuza umzobo weFlemish nowaseFransi wenkulungwane ye-17. Kodwa umgcini wayefuna nokubandakanya imisebenzi yabaculi abangaziwa kangako, abangaziwayo, okanye abasandula ukuchazwa, ukubonisa indlela i-botany echaphazela ngayo abaculi abakhulu kunye nemisebenzi engapapashwa kangako.
Umzekelo omangalisayo unikwa yi- indawo yobugqwirha kuthiwa yi-flamenco UDavid Teniers Omncinaneombhali wayo waqinisekiswa ngexesha lomsebenzi wokulungisa ngaphambi komboniso. Lo mfanekiso, owawubolekwe kwiLope de Vega House Museum eMadrid, uquka umfanekiso ka ngcilezaIsityalo esineempembelelo zokuthomalalisa siqinisa umoya ongaqondakaliyo nowasebusuku wale ndawo. Nje ukuba uhambo luphelile, umsebenzi ungadityaniswa kwingqokelela ehlala ihleli yePrado.
Iziqwenga aziboniswanga emva ulandelelwano lweziganeko olungqongqoEndaweni yokulandelelana okuthe tye, umboniso ucebisa ukudibana kunye neengxoxo phakathi kwemisebenzi evela kumaxesha ahlukeneyo abelana ngeentlobo zezityalo okanye iintsingiselo ezifanayo. Ngoko ke, umboniso umema iindwendwe ukuba zifunde izityalo njengolwimi olugubungela iinkulungwane zendalo yobugcisa.
Amacandelo amane okuqonda indlela izityalo ezithetha ngayo kwimizobo
Ukuze kuliwe nobu bumfama bezityalo, ngokutsho kuka-Eduardo Barba, obulawula umbono wangoku weendawo kunye neengqokelela zeemyuziyam, umboniso uququzelelwe e iindawo ezine eziphambili zemixholo ezihlola iindlela ezahlukeneyo apho i-botany idityaniswe khona kubugcisa.
Icandelo lokuqala, elinesihloko esithi "Izityalo ezibalisa amabali"Idibanisa imisebenzi apho izinto zezityalo zibalulekileyo ekutolikeni imeko. Umzekelo ophawulekayo ngumfanekiso wothixo wamaGrike wobuthongo, I-Hypnos, emelwe yinqwaba yeziqhamo i-opium poppy (iPapaver somniferum)I-opium, edume ngeempawu zayo zokuthomalalisa, ikhutshwa kule poppy, ngoko ke isityalo sigxininisa ingcamango yokulala ngonaphakade okunxulunyaniswa nokufa.
Kwelinye igumbi, umbukeli udibana nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo waloo thixo wobuthongo, owenziwe ngomzimba Kwinkulungwane yoku-1 kwaye yagqitywa ngenkulungwane ye-16, ecaleni kwe umfanekiso wendoda eselula ngumzobi uJan Roos, osusela kwisithathu sokuqala senkulungwane ye-17. Intambo efanayo yipopi, kodwa umzobo weoyile kaRoos ukwaquka nezinye iimpawu zomngcwabo: iitshestnuts, iipomegranati, iicarnations kunye nomfanekiso wothixo uMercury ekhomba esibhakabhakeni, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba isenokuba ngumfanekiso emva kokufa.
Indawo yesibini, evezwe phantsi kwesihloko "IPrado yigadi"Igxila kwimiboniso yegadi kunye nemisebenzi egcina ezo gadi zisemgangathweni. Umzekelo, ibonisa iimonki zikhetha iibhalbhu ngenxa yesityalo okanye uthixokazi waseRoma Flora ukunyamekela impilo yeendawo eziluhlaza. Apha imyuziyam iqondwa njengegadi enkulu efuziselayo apho iintsomi, umsebenzi wezolimo kunye nokucamngca kudibana khona.
Icandelo lesithathu, "Uthando lwezityalo"Ihlola iinkalo zezityalo ezivakalelwa ngakumbi neziphathekayo. Igxininisa izityalo ezixatyiswayo ngevumba okanye incasa, uninzi lwazo luvela kwi iindawo ezikude kuluntu lwaseYurophu lwelo xesha, olufana i-lotus (iNelumbo nucifera) okanye i-taro (iColocasia esculenta)Zombini ezi ntlobo ziyatyiwa. Ezi mveliso zithetha ngokuhambahamba, urhwebo, kunye nomdla wesayensi, kunye nokuvuselela iinkumbulo zeencasa kunye namavumba.
Indawo yokugqibela, enesihloko esithi "Iimvakalelo kwindawo engqongileyo"Idibanisa imihlaba apho izityalo zinceda ekudaleni iimvakalelo. Iindwendwe zihamba phakathi kwemiboniso ukuzola, isaqhwithi, ukuziva uvalelwe, okanye ukungaqhelekangaapho ukukhetha imithi, izihlahla kunye nobume obuluhlaza kubalulekile ekudluliseleni umoya othile.
Iimpawu, unqulo kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla ngeentyatyambo neziqhamo
Elinye lamagalelo amakhulu omboniso kukubonisa, ngemizekelo ebonakalayo, indlela Isityalo ngasinye sinokuthwala iintsingiselo ezintsonkothileyo, neziphikisanayoKuxhomekeke kumxholo. Kumsebenzi Intombi Enyulu Nomntwana, uYohane Ongcwele kunye neengelosi (1536), ukusuka ULucas Cranach uMdalaIsiqu seediliya sibonakala sinxulunyaniswa nenkanuko kaKristu yexesha elizayo: sibonisa ukwamkelwa kombingelelo uYesu aza kuwuthabatha ebomini bakhe bobudala.
Emva kwenkulungwane, abanye abaculi baseYurophu baguqukela kwizityalo ukuze bathethe ngemixholo eyahlukeneyo njengothando kunye nobude bobomi. Infanta Maria Antonia Fernanda de Borbón, ipeyintwe ngu Jacobo AmigoniI-carnation ephethwe ngumlinganiswa oyintloko esandleni sakhe ibhekisa kwi ingcinga yothandoNangona kunjalo, olo hlobo lunye lwentyatyambo, lubekwe kwivazi ecaleni kwekhakayi emsebenzini I-Vanitas Ukususela kwisiFrentshi UJacques Linard, iba luphawu lwe Ukufa kunye nobufutshane bobomiLo mboniso usimema ukuba sigxile kwezi nguqu size siyeke ingcamango yokuba iintyatyambo zizinto nje zokuhombisa.
Kwicala lemihla ngemihla, izityalo zasezidolophini okanye zasemaphandleni Ikwazele yintsingiselo. Umzobo weoyile Iigadi zeziqhamo (eCuenca), epeyintwe ngo-1910 ngu UAurelia waseBerueteIsebenzisa imibala eluhlaza yegadi yeziqhamo ukuqinisa umfanekiso ungqongqo kwaye akakhathali yesixeko saseCastilian. Ngaphandle kokubakho rhoqo kwezo mibala iluhlaza kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwezityalo, ubume bendawo ngebungafani kwaphela.
Ingongoma efanayo, njengoko ishwankathelwe ngumgcini wayo, kukuqiniseka ukuba "Akukho ziganeko zenzeka kubugcisa"Ikhakakhaka, i-ivy, isiqhamo se-citrus esingaqhelekanga, i-cactus yepear ehlabayo, okanye igqabi lomthi elilula liba ziimbali zeembali zonqulo, zeentsomi, zezopolitiko, okanye zeemvakalelo. UBarba uthi izityalo zibalisa amabali ohambo lweentlobo ngeentlobo, amasiko entlalo, kwane-anthropology yexesha ngalinye.
Amava okuva: izitishi zokuhombisa, iifoto zezityalo kunye nemisindo
Esi siphakamiso asipheleli nje ekuphawuleni izityalo ngeempawu zesiqhelo. Enye yeenjongo zomboniso kukutyelela umtyeleli. Nxibelelanisa umbono wohlobo oluthile nevumba lalo, ubume balo, kunye nobukho balo bokwenyaniUkuze kufezekiswe oku, uhambo luphuculwa ngezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokuva eziguqula utyelelo lube ngamava anomdla ngakumbi.
Zifakwe kuzo zonke iigumbi izikhululo ezintlanu zokuhombisa ivumba ezivumela iindwendwe ukuba zinuke ivumba eliphefumlelwe ziindidi zezinto ezikhoyo kwimisebenzi ebonisiweyo. Uluntu lunokusondela, umzekelo, kwi ivumba lomkhiwane (iFicus carica) okanye ivumba elimnandi le I-May rose (iRosa × centifolia)ukuvuselela inkumbulo yevumba ehambelana nokucamngca ngemizobo. Ingcinga ilula: ukuba ukubona ijasmine kwi-canvas kusenza sikhumbule ivumba layo, kutheni singalicacisi nakwindawo yomboniso?
Kunye nemisebenzi emininzi iyaboniswa iifoto zezityalo zikwimeko yazo yendalo, yenziwe ngumculi UPaula CodoñerLe mifanekiso ivumela uthelekiso oluthe ngqo lweentlobo zokwenyani kunye nentsingiselo yazo yobugcisa, kumdlalo othi "indawo yobutyebi" onomtsalane ngakumbi ebantwaneni. Lo msebenzi ubakhuthaza ukuba bafumane isityalo esifihliweyo kumzobo, belola izakhono zabo zokujonga.
Ukuvalwa kolu hambo kukwathathwa njengamava abonisa iimvakalelo. Kwigumbi lokugqibela, kuboniswa umsebenzi omnye, ogxile ku jardÃn, ehamba nesandi esisekelwe kwi izandi zokwenyani zendawo yegadiUkugquma komthombo, ingoma yeentaka ezimnyama kunye neengcangcazela, ukugquma kwenyosi enqumla indawo. Konke oku kudala umoya onzulu osebenza njengomvandedwa onobubele kumboniso.
Ukusuka kwimyuziyam ukuya ephepheni: ikhathalogu yokulandela umkhondo wezityalo kubugcisa
Besazi ukuba ayinguye wonke umntu oza kukwazi ukutyelela iindawo ezahlukeneyo zeCaixaForum, abaququzeleli bapapashe inqaku elithi ikhathalogu ephinda ivelise indlela yombonisoLe ncwadi ayiqokeleli nje imifanekiso yemisebenzi, kodwa ikwabandakanya nezibhalo ezichaza yona. amabali ezityalo yento nganye, ehamba neefoto zeentlobo zezityalo kunye nemizobo, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye nezinto zokuhombisa.
Le ncwadi ikwabandakanya Inqaku elizinikele kwimbali yokufota ngezityalo, isayinwe ngu UBeatriz Sánchez Torija, ilungu lesebe lemizobo, imifanekiso kunye neefoto kwiMyuziyam yasePrado. Esi sicatshulwa sichaza indlela izityalo ezibhalwe ngayo ngemifanekiso ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo, kunye nendlela umfanekiso wefoto oye wachaphazela ngayo indlela izityalo ezimelwe ngayo kwezinye iinkalo zobugcisa.
Le khathalogu yenzelwe ukuba ibe sisixhobo esiluncedo kwabo batyelela umboniso kwaye bafuna ukuphonononga nzulu iinkcukacha ezibonwa kwigalari kunye nabo banomdla kulwalamano phakathi ubugcisa, isayensi kunye nendalo ngaphandle kokukwazi ukuhamba. Ngandlela thile, ikuvumela ukuba uphumle ekhaya uhambahamba phakathi kwemizobo kunye neegadi ezicetywayo yiprojekthi yomboniso.
IMyuziyam yasePrado kunye neLa Caixa Foundation zigxininisa ukuba lo msebenzi sisiphumo intsebenziswano yamaqela amaninzi obugcisa kunye nokubuyiselwaI-Restoration Workshop yemyuziyam idlale indima ephambili ekubuyiseleni imbonakalo yokuqala yemisebenzi emininzi, ngoku ebonisa iinkcukacha zezityalo ezazingabonakali ngaphambili. Umlawuli wePrado, UMiguel Falomir, ixhase esidlangalaleni ukuzibophelela kolu luhlu lophando, oluyongeza kwezinye iindlela zohambo ezisekelwe kwimixholo eziphuhliswe kwigalari yobugcisa kwiminyaka yakutshanje.
UEduardo Barba ngokwakhe wayekhe wakhokela umboniso ePrado. uhambo lwezityalo ngaphakathi kweengqokelela ezisisigxinaUmboniso wangaphambili, ogxile ekufumaneni izityalo ezibalulekileyo kumagumbi ahlukeneyo, ngoku uyandisa le ndlela ngendlela egxile kakhulu nefundisayo, nto leyo enika uluntu ngokubanzi ingqeqesho edla ngokuthatha indawo yamabali amakhulu embali okanye eenkolo.
Ngolu hambo lokuhambahamba eGirona nakwezinye izixeko ezifana neTarragona, iLleida, iZaragoza, iSeville kunye neValencia, le projekthi ibonisa ukuba Jonga izityalo ezikwimifanekiso ngokuzolileyo Itshintsha indlela esiqonda ngayo izigcawu, abalinganiswa, kunye neendawo ezikuyo. Oko kwakubonakala ngathi ngumhombiso wentyatyambo nje ekuqaleni, xa ujongwa ngokusondeleyo, kuba sisitshixo sokuqonda imiyalezo, iimvakalelo, kunye neengxelo zenkcubeko ezifakwe ziingcali zaseYurophu kwimisebenzi yazo kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo.
