La imbalela kunye nobushushu obugqithisileyo Ziye zaba yinto eqhelekileyo yemihla ngemihla kwiindawo ezininzi zezolimo, ingakumbi kwiindawo Imozulu yaseMeditera kunye nemimandla efudumeleyo apho amanzi okunkcenkceshela enqongopheleyo okanye, kwezinye iimeko, engekhoyo. Kule meko, izinto ezivuselela iintsholongwane ziye zaguquka ekubeni yinto yokufuna ukwazi elebhu zaya kwi isixhobo esibalulekileyo sezityalo ukuze zikwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo lwamanzi ngconogcina ukusebenza kwaye unciphise ukuxhomekeka kwiimveliso zamakhemikhali.
Ngaphaya kokuthengisa, emva kwezi mveliso kukho izifundo zesayensi ezinzulu, iiprojekthi ze-R&D kunye novavanyo lwasentsimini Ezi zifundo zibonisa indlela ukuhlanganiswa kweentsholongwane ezincinci, izinto eziphuma kwiingca zolwandle, izinto ezifumileyo, kunye neebhaktheriya ezintsha eziluncedo ezinceda ngayo izityalo ukuba zilawule amanzi ngcono, zisebenzise izondlo, kwaye zivuselele iindlela zazo zokuzikhusela zangaphakathi. Makhe sihlolisise, ngokuzolileyo kodwa ngokuthe ngqo, oko kuthethwa yisayensi kunye noko kwenziwayo ngokoqobo ukunceda izityalo zingabandezeleki kakhulu yimbalela.
Zithini ii-biostimulants kwaye kutheni zibaluleke kangaka namhlanje?
Xa sithetha ngezinto ezivuselela iingqondo sibhekisa kuzo Iimveliso ezenzelwe ukuphucula i-physiology yezityalo kunye nomsebenzi we-rhizospherekungekuko "ukuzondla" ngendlela yezakhamzimba, kodwa kukuvuselela iinkqubo zangaphakathi ezenza izityalo zisebenze ngcono kwaye zikwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo lwe-abiotic, ingakumbi imbalela kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu.
NgokweMigqaliselo (i-EU) ka-2019/1009, i-biostimulant yimveliso Ivuselela iinkqubo zesondlo sezityalo nokuba zingakanani na izakhamzimba ezinazo., ngenjongo yokuphucula uphawu olunye okanye ezingaphezulu: ukusebenza kakuhle kokusetyenziswa kwezondlo, ukunyamezela uxinzelelo olungenabungozi, iimpawu zezolimo (isivuno kunye nomgangatho) kunye nokufumaneka kwezondlo ezingashukumiyo emhlabeni nakwi-rhizosphere.
Uninzi lwezi mveliso zivela imvelaphi yebhayoloji: izicatshulwa zolwandle, iimveliso zokutya kwezolimo, iinkcubeko zeentsholongwane, izinto ezifumileyo okanye ii-amino acidsezisetyenziswa ngeedosi eziphantsi (ngokuqhelekileyo zingaphantsi kwe-0,5 kg ha)-1Umdla wabo unyuke kakhulu kuba bafaneleka ngokupheleleyo kwi utshintsho oluluhlaza kwezolimo zaseYurophuukunciphisa isidingo sezichumisi ezenziweyo kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane kunye nokunceda ukugcina imveliso kwiimeko zemozulu ezibi kakhulu.
Ngeli xesha, i ii-arhente zolawulo lwebhayoloji okanye ii-biopesticides Zidlala enye indima ehambelanayo: ziimveliso zokukhusela izityalo ezisekelwe kwiintsholongwane (iibhaktheriya, iifungi, iintsholongwane, iiprotozoa, ii-nematodes), izinto zendalo (izicatshulwa zezityalo, ii-pheromones, iioyile) okanye ii-macroorganisms (izinambuzane ezitya ezinye izilwanyana kunye neencukuthu, ii-parasitoid wasps, ii-entomopathogenic nematodes) ezinceda lawula izinambuzane nezifoNgelixa ii-biostimulants zigxila kuxinzelelo lwe-abiotic, ezi arhente zolawulo lwe-bio zigxila kuxinzelelo lwe-biotic.
Umahluko ophambili ungashwankathelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ii-biostimulants zenzelwe ukuphucula ukunyamezela imbalela, ityuwa, okanye amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kwaye uphucule isondlo ngokuvuselela iindlela zemetabolism, iimpawu zehomoni, kunye nokuphucula ukukhula kweengcambu; i-biopesticides, kwelinye icala, isebenza ingxabano ethe ngqo, i-parasitism, okanye ukuqaliswa kokuzikhusela ngokuchasene nezifo kunye nezinambuzane.
KwiManyano yaseYurophu, olu hluko lwengcamango luguqulela ekubeni umkhondo wolawulo olubiniIi-Biostimulants zilawulwa njengezichumisi phantsi koMgaqo (EU) 2019/1009 (udidi olusebenzayo lwe-CFP 6: Ii-Plant biostimulants), ngelixa ii-biocontrol agents ziwela phantsi koMgaqo (EC) 1107/2009 kwiimveliso zokukhusela izityalo.
Izinto ezivuselela iintsholongwane kunye nembalela: iziphumo zesayensi kumbona kunye netamatato
Olunye lwezifundo ezinomdla kakhulu ezipapashwe kutshanje luhlalutye isiphumo i-microbial consortia eveliswa kusetyenziswa i-FPB (Fermentation Polyphasic Biotechnology) ye-TRICHODEX kwizithole ze- umbona kunye netamatato, kokubini phantsi kokunkcenkceshela okuqhelekileyo nokungankcenkceshelwa kakuhle ukungabikho kwamanzi okuphakathi nokubi kakhuluOlu phononongo lupapashwe kwijenali yamazwe ngamazwe iResources (MDPI), lubekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwaye lugxile ekuzinzeni, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ngokufanelekileyo kunye notshintsho lwemozulu, nto leyo enika umbono olungileyo wenqanaba lobunzima.
Injongo yalo msebenzi yayingekuko ukujonga ukuba izityalo "zikhule ngakumbi na", kodwa yayikukuqonda indlela abasabela ngayo kwimizimba yabo xa besabela kwimbalela nokuba iintsholongwane zikwazile na ukuphucula indlela ezilungelelaniswa ngayo izityalo kwiimeko zokunqongophala kwamanzi kwasekuqaleni kophuhliso.
Iziphumo beziqinisekile: izithole ezinyangwe nge-microbial biostimulants zibonise ukukhula okuphezulu kakhulu kunye nolawulo olungcono lwamanzi xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zokulawula, nangona amanzi akhoyo ayenqabile kakhulu. Kumbona, ukukhula kufikelele malunga ne-1 Ingaphezulu ngama-50% phantsi kweemeko zembalelangelixa kwiitumato, ukukhula kuyanda ukuya kuthi ga kwi 35% phantsi kokunkcenkceshela okuqhelekileyo.
Ukongeza ekukhuleni, ukuphucuka okucacileyo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwamanziIzityalo ezinyangiweyo zigcine umsebenzi wazo womzimba ixesha elide xa amanzi encitshisiwe, into ephambili ekunqobeni amaxesha anzima oxinzelelo. Olu hlobo lokuziphatha lunxulunyaniswa nokuphuculwa koyilo lweengcambu kunye namandla amakhulu ezityalo okugcina i-turgor kunye ne-photosynthesis.
Kwinqanaba lesondlo, i-microbial consortia Baphucule ukufunxwa kwe-phosphorus, i-iron, i-calcium kunye ne-magnesiumEzi zizondlo ezibalulekileyo ekukhuleni kwezityalo nasekumelaneni noxinzelelo. Esi siphumo sichazwa yintshukumo yeentsholongwane ezikwaziyo ukunyibilikisa i-phosphorus, ukutshisa izakhamzimba ezincinci, okanye ukuvelisa izinto ezenza kube lula ukufunxwa kwazo ziingcambu.
Olu phononongo lukwabonise ukuba izithole ezinyangiweyo zivuselela izondlo zazo ngempumelelo. iindlela zokuzikhusela zendalo nxamnye noxinzelelokunye nokwanda kwe-20-40% kumsebenzi wee-enzymes ze-antioxidant ezifana ne-ascorbate peroxidase (APX) kunye ne-catalase (CAT). Oku kunyuka kwamandla e-antioxidant kuthetha ukuba ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative ukususela kumanqanaba okuqala ophuhliso, nto leyo ethetha ukuba iiseli azinakonakala kangako xa amanzi engekho.
Uhlalutyo lwe-Multivariate lubonise ukuba le yayingeyompendulo yodwa, kodwa yayiyindlela impendulo edibeneyo kwisityalo ezidibanise ukukhula, isondlo, kunye ne-physiology zibe "yiphakheji" edibeneyo yokusebenza kwangethuba. Ngokwamazwi kaKhalid Akhdi, i-CEO ye-TRICHODEX, i-biotechnology yeentsholongwane inokwenza umahluko.umahluko wokwenene kwizigaba zokuqala zokulima", inceda izityalo ukuba zikwazi ukumelana nokunqongophala kwamanzi ngcono."
Xa zizonke, ezi ziphumo zibeka ii-microbial biostimulants njenge isixhobo esisebenzayo sokunciphisa impembelelo yembalelaukusebenzisa ngcono izixhobo zomhlaba, ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwiikhemikhali kunye nokufumana uzinzo kwisivuno kwimeko yotshintsho lwemozulu.
Umxholo wolawulo kunye nemarike ye-biostimulants kwi-European Union
Ukwanda kwezi mveliso akubanga ngengozi: ishishini le-biostimulant yaseYurophu liye laba inkokheli yehlabathi, enesabelo semarike esingaphezulu kwama-50%ISpain iphakathi kwamazwe akhokelayo. Ngo-2021, ixabiso lemarike liqikelelwe ngaphezulu kwe-€3.300 yeebhiliyoni, kunye noqikelelo lokukhula konyaka lwe-12-14% ukuya kuthi ga ngo-2027.
Olu kukhula luqhutywa ngamandla Amaqhinga aseYurophu eSivumelwano esiLungileyo, iFama ukuya kwiForoko kunye neCAP entshaezifuna ukuncitshiswa kokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziyingozi kwindalo esingqongileyo kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo kunye nokuhambela kwiimodeli zemveliso ezizinzileyo. Ii-Biostimulants zifaneleka ngokugqibeleleyo njengezisombululo ezithi Ziphucula ukuqina kwezityalo kunye nempilo yomhlaba, okuvumela ukugcinwa okanye ukuphuculwa kokusebenza kunye nomgangatho.
Nangona kunjalo, uphuhliso lweli candelo luxhomekeke kwi- isakhelo somthetho esintsonkothileyoKwimeko ethile ye-biostimulants, uMgaqo (i-EU) 2019/1009 umisela ukuba ezi mveliso, ngaphakathi kwe-CFP 6, kufuneka zihambelane iimfuno ezingqongqo zomgangatho, imida yongcoliseko, imigangatho yokulebhelisha kunye nokunyamezelanaNgaphezu koko, izinto zabo ezikrwada kufuneka zibe zezinye zeendidi zezinto ezigunyazisiweyo (i-CMC) kwaye ziphumelele uvavanyo lokuhambelana ukuze zithengiswe njengezichumisi ze-EU.
ESpain, i-biostimulant inokufikelela kwimarike kuphela ukuba ilandela enye yezi ndlela zilandelayo: thobela uMgaqo (i-EU) 2019/1009, thobela imithetho yesizwe (iRoyal Decree 506/2013) okanye ungene Ukuqatshelwa Kwabanye ngokweMigqaliselo (i-EU) ka-2019/515, ukuba sele ivunyiwe kwelinye ilizwe eliliLungu.
Inkqubo yokugunyaziswa ayimfutshane kangako: kuqikelelwa ukuba ihlala ixesha elide I-3 ukuya kwi-5 iminyaka ukusuka kuphuhliso lwemveliso ukuya ekuthengisweni ngokupheleleyo. Ukuze kube lula le nkqubo, iKomiti yaseYurophu yoKulinganisa (i-CEN) iphuhlise uthotho lwe Imigangatho engama-33 ehambelanayo (uthotho lwe-CEN 455) ezichaza uvavanyo ukubonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwezolimo okufunekayo yiMigqaliselo ka-2019/1009.
Nangona kunjalo, kukho imingeni emininzi ebalulekileyo eseleyo: ukwandisa uluhlu lwezinto iintsholongwane ezigunyazisiweyo kwi-CMC 7 (okwangoku ilinganiselwe kwi-Azotobacter spp., i-Rhizobium spp., i-mycorrhizal fungi kunye ne-Azospirillum spp.), faka iimveliso ezithile ezivela kwizilwanyana, lungisa iimfuno ze-REACH ukuze zihambelane nenyaniso yecandelo kunye ukwandisa inani lemibutho yovavanyo lokuhambelana ukuphepha imiqobo.
Ukuvuselela izityalo kwiidiliya: IIWAYINI ZOLWANDLE, Imihlaba Ephilayo, Iidiliya Eziphilayo kunye neeprojekthi zeNOVATERRA
I-viticulture licandelo elichaphazeleka kakhulu ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kunye nemvula engaqhelekangakwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu iye yaba yindawo efanelekileyo yokuvavanya izinto ezivuselelayo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphando kule ndawo luye lwanda kakhulu: i-INIA ibike ukuba kufutshane nokunyuka kwama-40% kwiiprojekthi ezinxulumene ne-biostimulants kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo.
Omnye wemizekelo ebalaseleyo yiprojekthi Iiwayini zolwandle (PID2020‑112644RR‑C21, C22), ekhokelwa yi-IFAPA kunye ne-UPV/EHU, evavanye amandla okuvuselela izinto eziphilayo kwi-algae i-Ulva spp. (i-algae eluhlaza, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-"sea lettuce") kunye ne-Rugulopteryx okamurae (i-algae emdaka ehlaselayo) kwizidiliya. I-Ulva spp. ibonakaliswa yiyo ukukhula okukhawulezileyo kunye nomthamo ophezulu wokubamba i-CO22 kunye nezondloOku kwenza ukuba ibe yi-biomass yaselwandle enomdla kakhulu kwii-biofertilizers okanye kwi-compost ekulimeni okuphilayo.
Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwi-Ulva yi-polysaccharide e-sulfated Ulvanokuye kwabonakala ukuba kuneempawu zokulwa nokungunda kwizityalo ezahlukeneyo (iidiliya, iikomkomere, iimbotyi) kwiimvavanyo zegreenhouse. Okwangoku, iRugulopteryx okamurae, ebhaliswe njengohlobo oluhlaselayo kwiStrait of Gibraltar, inempembelelo enamandla kwindalo nakwimbonakalo yomhlaba, kodwa ukwakheka kwayo kweekhemikhali kuyenza ibe nethemba: umxholo ophezulu we-potassium, i-calcium, isinyithi kunye ne-manganesekunye neepolysaccharides ezifana ne-fucoidan kunye ne-laminarin kunye nee-glycolipids ezinokuba ziiarhente zokulawula izinto eziphilayo.
Emva kweminyaka emine yomsebenzi, i-SEAWINES ibonakalise ukuba ezi zicatshulwa zolwandle ziyakwazi ukukhuthaza ulawulo lwezidiliya oluzinzileyoKwiindawo ezifudumeleyo, izicatshulwa ze-Ulva spp. ziphucule kakhulu i-physiology kunye nemveliso yomdiliya, ngelixa i-Rugulopteryx okamurae ivela njengenye indlela ethembisayo yokulawula i-downy mildew kwiimeko ze-greenhouse, ngakumbi xa idityaniswe nezinye iindlela zonyango.
Uvavanyo lwasentsimini kwisivuno sika-2024, kwiintlobo zeTempranillo kunye neSyrah, lubonise ukuphuculwa kwemilinganiselo yemveliso kunye nokwakheka kweediliya ezinemibala eyahlukeneyo (ingakumbi ii-anthocyanins) nakwiprofayili ye-volatile compound (terpene) ye-must, imiba ephambili yomgangatho wewayini. Ke ngoko, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Ulva kunye ne-Rugulopteryx kucetyiswa njenge Isisombululo esiphindwe kabini: ulawulo oluzinzileyo kunye nokubaluleka kwe-biomass yolwandle, kuquka uhlobo oluyingxaki oluhlaselayo.
Elinye icala elinomdla lelo Amaqela Okusebenza Emihlabeni Ephilayo Neediliya Eziphilayo (GOPC-CA-20-0001 kunye neGO2022-01)Injongo kukukhawulezisa utshintsho lwezidiliya, ingakumbi ezo zinemihlaba ehlwempuzekileyo efana neyaseCádiz, ukuya kwiinkqubo ezizinzileyo. Iprojekthi yeLiving Soils idibanisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo: ukusetyenziswa Ii-incoculants ze-microbial ezifunyenwe ngokubiliswa kwee-microorganisms ezivela kwi-rhizosphere yomdiliya kunye neentsalela zokuthena, ukusetyenziswa kwe amaphahla aluhlaza ukuthintela ukukhukuliseka komhlaba nokugcina amanzi, kunye nokudibanisa iigusha ukuze kulawulwe izityalo ezinezityalo endaweni yokuhlakula okanye ukucheba iikhemikhali.
Iprojekthi yeViñas Vivas, inxalenye yayo, igxile ukukhusela imidiliya ngexesha lokuguqulwa kwezityalo kulawulo olusekelwe kwiinkqubo zendalo, xa umhlaba usaphila kwaye ungenawo amanqanaba afanelekileyo ezinto eziphilayo kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, iindlela ziye zaphuhliswa kwaye zavavanywa Izinto ezikhuthaza iibhayoloji kunye nezichumisi zamagqabi ezisekelwe kuqoqosho olujikelezayo, ukuze kuncitshiswe ilahleko yesivuno kwaye kugcinwe umgangatho weediliya ngelixa umhlaba uphinda uhlaziyeke.
Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba izityalo zigquma izityalo, nokuba zineegusha okanye azinazo, Zikhawulezisa ukubuyiselwa kwamandla omhlaba okuphinda usebenzise izondlo ezibalulekileyo.Ngaphezu koko, phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ii-microbial biostimulants zinokulungisa ezinye zelahleko zokuqala zesivuno ezinxulumene nokhuphiswano lwezityalo ezigqumayo, ngelixa ngaxeshanye ziphucula izondlo zezityalo. Okunomdla kukuba, ezi zitofu zingakwazi noku lungisa iprofayili ye-organoleptic yeewayiniukunciphisa umxholo wotywala kunye nokunyusa i-asidi, into exatyiswa kakhulu kule mihla, ukongeza ekuphembeleleni "i-microbial terroir".
Le projekthi I-NOVATERRA (H2020; IsiVumelwano seSibonelelo 101000554) Ijongana nenye inkalo ehambelanayo: ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kunye nempembelelo yeemveliso zokukhusela izityalo kwiidiliya nakwiindawo zomnquma. Ngenxa yoku, amaqhinga afana nala alandelayo avavanyiwe: Iimveliso ze-microbial biocontrol, iifomyula ezisekelwe kwi-nanoparticles ze-copper okanye ze-sulfur, kunye netekhnoloji yezolimo ezichanekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokubona ezichonga izinambuzane nezifo kwangethuba.
Kwizidiliya, uvavanyo eSpain, ePortugal, eFransi, e-Itali naseGrisi lubonise ukuba kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane eziqhelekileyo Ukudibanisa la maqhinga. Xa uxinzelelo lwesifo sefungus luphezulu kakhulu, izinto ezilula zokuxhathisa azanele ukulawula ngokupheleleyo, kodwa zihlanganiswe kwi ulawulo lwezinambuzane ezidibeneyo Ewe, zinokudlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, kuye kwabonwa ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-biostimulants kuxhomekeke kuhlobo, uhlobo lomhlaba, kunye nemozulu, nto leyo eyenza kube yimfuneko ukuqwalasela ezi zinto. lungisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwimeko nganye yendawo.
Indlela ii-biostimulants ezisebenza ngayo kwiingcambu kunye nokunyamezela imbalela
Ingcambu, ngokoqobo, “liziko lomyalelo” xa sithetha ukumelana nembalela kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngokufanelekileyoNgaphandle inkqubo yeengcambu ezinamandlaSinzulu kwaye sinamasebe amahle, isityalo asikwazi ukufunxa amanzi kwiindawo ezisezantsi zomhlaba okanye ukusebenzisa izondlo ezingashukumiyo, kwaye siyawa ngokukhawuleza xa ubushushu bukhula.
Izinto ezikhuthaza ukukhula kweengcambu (iintsholongwane kunye neentsholongwane) zisebenza njenge "Iziphuculi" zeenkqubo ze-physiological kunye ne-biochemical Zilawula ukwakheka kweengcambu, ukwandiswa, ukuhluma kwamasebe, kunye nokubonakala kweenwele zeengcambu. Aziboneleli nge-NPK eninzi, kodwa ziphucula indlela isityalo esisebenzisa ngayo oko sele kukho emhlabeni okanye kwisisombululo sezondlo.
Phakathi kweendlela ezifanelekileyo kukho iziphumo zohlobo iihomoni (ezifana nee-auxins kunye nee-cytokinins)Ezi homoni zivuselela i-root meristem, zikhuthaza ukwanda kweengcambu eziphambili kunye nophuhliso lweengcambu ezisecaleni. Kwangaxeshanye, zilawula ibhalansi yeehomoni, zivumela ukukhula okulinganayo phakathi kweendawo ezisemoyeni zesityalo kunye nenkqubo yeengcambu.
Enye iphambili ephambili yi ukwakheka kweenwele zengcambuEzi zizakhiwo ezintle kakhulu ezinoxanduva lokufunxwa kwamanzi kunye nezondlo. Ezinye izinto ezivuselelayo zivuselela iindlela ezonyusa uxinano nobude bezi nwele, zinyusa kakhulu umphezulu wokufunxwa okusebenzayo, ngoko ke, amandla esityalo okusebenzisa i-phosphorus, i-nitrogen, i-potassium, i-calcium, kunye ne-micronutrients.
Ii-biostimulants ze-Microbial, ngakumbi, Ziphucula ukusebenzisana kwi-rhizosphere ngokukhuthaza uluntu lweebhaktheriya eziluncedo kunye neefungi ezifana neBacillus spp., iTrichoderma spp., iAzospirillum spp., iAzotobacter spp., okanye i-mycorrhizal fungi. Ezi zinto eziphilayo zihlala ingcambu kunye nokusingqongileyo okungqongileyo, ziphucula ulwakhiwo lomhlaba, zinyibilikise izondlo ezinqabileyo, kwaye zivelise izinto (ezifana nee-exopolysaccharides) eziphucula ukugcinwa kwamanzi emhlabeni.
Kukwakho nenxalenye ecacileyo ye ukusebenza kakuhle ngakumbi ekusetyenzisweni kwezondloIi-Biostimulants zivuselela ii-membrane transporters kunye neendlela ze-metabolic ezivumela isityalo ukuba siguqule ngokufanelekileyo izondlo ezifunxiweyo zibe yi-biomass eluncedo, nto leyo enciphisa ilahleko kunye nesidingo sokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezichumisi zezimbiwa.
Okokugqibela, uninzi lwezi mveliso ziqinisa ukunyamezela uxinzelelo olungenabungozi kunye namandla okubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo emva kweziganeko zembalela, ityuwa, ukubanda, okanye ukutshayiswa kukufakelwa izityalo. Oku kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ze-antioxidant, ukuqokelelana kwee-osmolites ezihambelanayo, kunye nokulawula ukuvuleka kwesisu, ukuze isityalo silahlekelwe ngamanzi amancinci kwaye sikwazi ukumelana nokuguquguquka kwemozulu ngcono.
Iindidi eziphambili ze-biostimulants zokuqinisa iingcambu kunye nokujongana nembalela
Kwimarike sifumana iintsapho ezininzi zee-biostimulants ezine impembelelo ethe ngqo okanye engathanga ngqo kwinkqubo yeengcambuNganye isebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwaye isenokufaneleka ngakumbi kwezinye izityalo okanye iimeko kunezinye.
Los izicatshulwa zaselwandleIimveliso ezisetyenzisiweyo kwiprojekthi ye-SEAWINES zityebile kwiikhompawundi ezinomsebenzi ofana nee-cytokinins, auxins, kunye ne-gibberellins, kunye nee-polysaccharides ezisebenzayo kwi-bioactive, iivithamini, kunye ne-micronutrients. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukukhula kweengcambu kwangethuba nangokuninzi, ukuhluma okungcono kunye nokunyamezela uxinzelelo olukhulu, emanzini nakwi-thermal.
Los izinto ezivuselela iintsholongwane Bahlanganisa izitofu ngokusekelwe kwiibhaktheriya eziluncedo kunye neefungi (iBacillus, iTrichoderma, iAzospirillum, iifungi zemycorrhizal, njl.njl.). Zinomdla kakhulu kwi umhlaba owonakeleyo, ohlwempuzekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo okanye onomsebenzi omncinci weentsholongwanekuba zivuselela ukusebenza komhlaba ngokwebhayoloji, ziphucula ukufumaneka kwe-phosphorus kunye nezakhamzimba ezincinci, kwaye zinceda iingcambu ukuba zihlole umhlaba omninzi.
Iifomyula ze free amino acids Zisebenza njengezinto ezibangela iihomoni zezityalo kunye nee-cofactors kwii-enzymes ezininzi. Ukusetyenziswa kwazo, ingakumbi kumanqanaba okuqala okanye emva koxinzelelo, kunokwenza ukukhawulezisa imetabolism yengcambu, ikhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwezicubu kwaye ithambise impembelelo yobushushu okanye imbalela.
Okokugqibela, i ii-biostimulants ze-enzyme Zivuselela umsebenzi we-enzyme kwi-rhizosphere, zinceda ekukhupheni izondlo ezingenakushukuma kwaye ziqhekeza inkunkuma yendalo ibe ziintlobo ezikwaziyo ukufunxwa lula. Ukusetyenziswa kwazo kunomdla kakhulu kwi umhlaba onomsebenzi omncinci webhayoloji okanye olawulwa nzima kakhulu, apho kucetyiswa ukuba kuphinde kuvuselele ubomi beentsholongwane.
Amaqhinga okusebenzisa: nini kwaye njani ukusebenzisa izinto ezivuselelayo ukumelana nembalela
Ukuze ufumane okuninzi kwezi mveliso, ukukhetha nje isithako esisebenzayo esifanelekileyo akwanelanga: kubalulekile ukufumana ixesha, idosi, kunye nendlela yokusebenzisa ngokuchanekileyoKwimeko yembalela, injongo kukuba isityalo sifikelele kwixesha elibalulekileyo ngenkqubo yeengcambu eqinileyo kunye nemetabolism elungiselelweyo.
Enye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo kukusebenzisa ii-microbial biostimulants okanye izicatshulwa ezithile. Le ndlela iphucula ukuhluma, ukuvela, kunye nophuhliso lweengcambu kwangethuba, nto leyo ekhokelela ekukhuleni ngokukhawuleza nangokulinganayo kwezityalo ezifana neenkozo, iimbotyi, okanye imifuno etyalwe ngqo.
Kwizityalo ezityalwe kwenye indawo (izityalo zezityalo, imithi yeziqhamoisidiliya), iluncedo kakhulu ukuntywiliselwa kweengcambu okanye ukufakwa kwindawo ethile emngxunyeni wokutyalaukuqinisekisa ukuba isitofu sidibana ngqo neengcambu kwasekuqaleni. Oku kunciphisa ukuqhawuka kokufakelwa kwesityalo kwaye kukhawulezise ukwakheka kwaso, nto leyo ibalulekileyo xa ixesha lincinci.
La ukufakwa emhlabeni ngexesha lokuhlwayela okanye lokuhlumaKwimo yolwelo okanye yegranular, ivumela i-biostimulant ukuba ibe khona kwi-rhizosphere njengoko iingcambu ziqala ukuhlola indawo ezikuyo. Kwiinkqubo ezisebenzisa ukunkcenkceshela kwendawo, ukuchumisa Yindlela elula kakhulu yokulinganisa izinto ezifunekayo kunye nokugcina ukhuthazo oluqhubekayo ngexesha lokukhula kwezityalo.
Kwelinye icala, emva kweziqendu ze uxinzelelo oluqatha (amaza obushushu, imbalela, iqabaka, ityuwa)Ukusetyenziswa "kokubuyisela" kunokucwangciswa ukunceda ekuvuseleleni inkqubo yeengcambu kunye nokuqalisa kwakhona imetabolism, kudityaniswe, umzekelo, ii-amino acids, izinto ezi-humic kunye nezitofu ze-microbial njengoko kufanelekile.
Umzekelo othile ngulowo wengingqi yaseJerez kwixesha lonyaka lika-2022, ophawulwe ngu amaza obushushu amane phakathi kokudubula kweentyantyambo kunye ne-veraisonkomile kakhulu. Kuhlobo lwePalomino Fino, kwafunyaniswa iingxaki zokuvela kweziqhamo, ukuyeka ukukhula kwangaphambi kwexesha, ukuzaliswa kakuhle kwamaqunube, kunye nokoma kweziqhamo ezingavuthwanga. Ukuze kulindelwe le meko, iBodegas Barbadillo yakhetha faka isisombululo esityebileyo kwi-orthosilicic acid kulo lonke umjikelo.
Le khompawundi ilawula ukufunxwa kunye nokuthuthwa kwezondlo ezifana ne-calcium, i-phosphorus, i-potassium, kunye ne-magnesium, kwaye ikhuthaza ukuqokelelwa kwe-silicon kwiindonga zeseli, inyusa ukuqina kunye nokumelana kwezicubu kuxinzelelo lwemozuluIsiphumo kukunciphisa ukulahleka kwamanzi ngenxa yokuphefumla kwamanzi aphuma e-evapotranspiration kunye nokuphucula ulungelelwaniso lwamanzi, nokuba phantsi kweemeko zokuphefumla eziphezulu. Idatha yasentsimini ibonise impendulo entle kwezolimo, kunye uphuhliso olukhulu lomdiliya kunye nokwanda kwemveliso ngokubhekiselele kwiiploti ezinganyangwanga.
Ngaphandle kwemveliso ethile, umyalezo osisiseko kukuba, kwiindawo ezifudumeleyo apho ukunkcenkceshela kunqongophele okanye kungekho, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezivuselelayo akufuneki kujoliswe kuphela ekuveliseni okungakumbi, kodwa nakwi ukuphucula umgangatho wesityalo, ixesha elide lesityalo kunye nokuqina kwasoKwiimeko ezininzi, injongo kukuphepha ukwehla okukhulu kwesivuno kunye nomgangatho, kunye nokwandisa ubomi obuluncedo bezidiliya okanye ezinye izityalo ezinemithi.
I-biostimulant entsha ye-microbial esekwe kwiPararhizobium yoxinzelelo lwe-abiotic
Uphando malunga ne-microbial biostimulants alupheleli nje kwi-compotia esekwe. Iprojekthi iyaqhubeka okwangoku kwiYunivesithi yaseBarcelona. imveliso entsha esekelwe kwiintlobo ezimbini ezintsha zePararhizobium sp., ebekwe yodwa kwilebhu, ngaphakathi kweprojekthi ethi “i-Pararhizobium-based plant biostimulant ephucula ukunyamezela uxinzelelo lwe-abiotic kwizityalo”, exhaswa yi-Proof of Concept grant evela kwi-F2I (Bosch i Gimpera Foundation, ngenkxaso evela kwiBanco Santander).
Ezi ntlobo zibonakalise, phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo, amandla azo oku ukuphucula ukunyamezela kwezityalo ezahlukeneyo kwimbalela, ityuwa, ingqele kunye neqabakaZombini iintlobo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo zikhuselwe sisicelo selungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza laseYurophu, kwaye izivumelwano zelayisenisi sele zixoxiswana neenkampani kwicandelo lokutya kwezolimo ezinomdla wokuzisa imveliso kwimarike.
Iprojekthi ibandakanya uvavanyo lwasemasimini oluphantsi kokunkcenkceshela okulinganiselweyo Ukuvavanya impembelelo ye-biostimulant kwisivuno seziqhamo kunye nomgangatho, kunye nohlalutyo lweemolekyuli oluphezulu ukuze kutyhilwe iindlela zokusebenza ezibandakanyekayo ekunyamezeleni uxinzelelo lwamanzi. Ingcinga kukudlula nje "iyasebenza okanye ayisebenzi" kwaye siqonde indlela eguqula ngayo ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo kunye neendlela ze-metabolic kwizityalo.
Ngokutsho kweqela lophando, ukuqonda ezi ndlela ngokweenkcukacha kuya kuvumela ukubeka imveliso kwindawo engcono kwimarike kunye nokuqhubeka nokuyiphucula ngendlela ejolise kuyo, ukulungisa iidosi, amaxesha okusetyenziswa, kunye nokudibanisa nezinye izinto ezifakwayo. Ekugqibeleni, malunga nokuguqula ukufunyanwa kwelebhu kube sisixhobo sorhwebo esomeleleyo, ngenkxaso yesayensi kunye nokuthobela imigaqo yangoku.
UGqr. Rubén Alcázar ngokwakhe ugxininisa ukuba, kwimeko apho ezolimo kufuneka zihlale zizinzile, zinciphise impembelelo yazo kwiikhemikhali, kwaye zihlale zinenzuzo, I-biotechnology yezityalo iyazihlanganisa njengecandelo elicwangcisiweyo, kunye namathuba amakhulu okudluliselwa kwicandelo lemveliso kunye negalelo lokwenyani kukhuseleko lokutya.
Ngenxa yazo zonke ezi zinto zingasentla engqondweni, izinto ezikhuthaza izityalo—ingakumbi ezo zincinci—zivela njengezinto ezibalulekileyo ukuze izityalo zikwazi ukumelana nembalela ngcono, zisebenzise amanzi nezakhamzimba zomhlaba kakuhle, kwaye zigcine imveliso yazo phantsi kweemeko ebezinokuthi, kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo, zibangele ilahleko enkulu. Ukudibanisa iziphumo zesayensi eziqinileyo, isakhelo solawulo esiguqukayo, kunye namaqhinga olawulo olukrelekrele, kukho izixhobo zokwenyani ngakumbi zezolimo zokuziqhelanisa nemozulu eyomileyo ngaphandle kokunciphisa umgangatho okanye uzinzo.
