La ukoma okuchaphazela iiHolm oak kunye neecork oak Esi sifo siphinde saba yingxaki enkulu e-Extremadura. Ngenxa yeemeko zemozulu ezibangela ukusasazeka kwaso, iingcali zesayensi zigqibe ekubeni zikhuphe isilumkiso esitsha somngcipheko wezityalo ukuzama ukunqanda umonakalo kwi-dehesa (amadlelo) ngexesha.
Umntu onoxanduva lwesi siganeko ngu I-Phytophthora cinnamomi, isifo somhlaba ehlasela iingcambu kwaye ibangele ukuwohloka kwemithi okuqhubekayo. Ukuze kulindelwe amaxesha ayingozi kakhulu, iZiko le-Extremadura loPhando lwezeSayensi neTekhnoloji (i-CICYTEX) liqalise inkqubo yokulumkisa kwangethuba edibanisa iimodeli zemozulu eziphambili kunye neengcebiso zolawulo ezijolise kubaphathi bamahlathi kunye nabanini.
Isilumkiso sococeko lwezityalo ngenxa yeemeko ezinobungozi obukhulu
Ngokutsho kweCICYTEX, isilumkiso somngcipheko wezityalo Ngenxa yokuqikelelwa kweentsuku ezinomswakama ophezulu kunye namaqondo obushushu afanelekileyo kakhulu kuphuhliso lwePhytophthora, le arhente, ebika kwiSebe leMfundo leSithili, iSayensi kunye noQeqesho loBugcisa boRhulumente wase-Extremadura, ilumkisa ukuba imeko elindelekileyo inokunyusa kakhulu izinga losulelo lwe-pathogen kwiindawo ezininzi ze-dehesa.
I-Phytophthora ithathwa njengenye yezifo iarhente ephambili enxulumene nembalela Kwihlathi le-oki ye-holm kunye ne-oki ye-cork, le yingxaki engenampembelelo yendalo kuphela, kodwa neyoqoqosho, ngokuphazamisa imveliso yekhorkii-acorns kunye nezinye iindlela zemveli zokusebenzisa i-dehesa. Ukulahleka kancinci kancinci kwale mithi kubangela umngeni wexesha elide kulawulo lomhlaba.
Iimodeli ezenziwe yiCICYTEX zibonisa ukuba, kwiintsuku ezizayo, ukukhululwa okuphezulu kwe-zoospore kunokwenzekaEzi zezona zakhiwo zosulelo zentsholongwane. Kwiimeko zokufuma okuphezulu komhlaba, ezi zoospores zihamba ngokulula kwitafile yamanzi kwaye zihlale kwiingcambu, zivula ithuba lokuqhambuka kwembalela kwiindawo apho iimpawu ezibonakalayo zisenokungabonwa.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, esi silumkiso asipheleli nje kwisilumkiso sobuchwephesha. Injongo yaso kukuqinisekisa ukuba, ngeli xesha libalulekileyo, amanyathelo okuthintela kufuneka athathwe kwicandelo ukunciphisa ukusasazeka kwesi sifo phakathi kweefama, nto leyo ebalulekileyo xa iimeko zendalo zivumela intsholongwane.
Indima yePhytophthora ekuwohlokeni kwe-holm oaks kunye ne-cork oaks
Le pathogen ithandwa kakhulu yi iindawo ezinomswakama ophezulu kunye namaqondo obushushu aphantsiEzi ziimeko eziqhelekileyo emva kwemvula kunye nokunyuka okuncinci kobushushu. Ngezi zihlandlo, ii-zoospores ziveliswa ngobuninzi; ezi zizakhiwo ezincinci, ezihambayo ezixhotyiswe ngendlela yokuhamba evumela ukuba "zidada" emanzini omhlaba.
Xa ii-zoospores zidibana neengcambu, Zingena kwizicwili kwaye zibangele ukwenzakala ezithintela ukufunxwa kwamanzi nezondlo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umthi ulahlekelwa ngamandla awo okusabela, ubuthathaka, kwaye usenokufa, ingakumbi ukuba iminyaka emininzi yeemeko ezilungele intsholongwane zivela.
Kwimimandla efana ne-Extremadura, apho amadlelo e-holm oak kunye ne-cork oak akhona khona iintsika zendalo kunye nezoqoqoshoUbukho bePhytophthora buyingozi enkulu. Abupheleli nje ekuchaphazeleni iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezinxulumene nezi nkqubokodwa nakwimisebenzi efana nokufuya imfuyo eninzi okanye ukuvelisa iikhork, ezixhomekeke ngqo kwimpilo entle yemithi.
Ngoko ke, iingcali zigxininisa ukuba imbalela ayiyongxaki ingaqhelekanga, kodwa isifo esiqhubeka kancinci kancinci nesiqokelelanayonto leyo efuna ukudibanisa ukubekwa esweni okuqhubekayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanyathelo olawulo ahlengahlengiswe kwifama nganye nakwixesha ngalinye lonyaka.
Indlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo yesilumkiso ye-SILVA-F
Ukuze kulindelwe ezi ziqendu zinobungozi obuphezulu, i-CICYTEX iphuhlise I-SILVA-F, inkqubo yokulumkisa kwangethuba Sigxile ekujongeni imeko yomhlaba, esi sixhobo sixhomekeke kwidatha yoqikelelo eyenziwe yiZiko laseYurophu leZibikezelo zeMozulu eziPhakathi (i-ECMWF), inkokheli yehlabathi ekuqikeleleni imozulu ngamanani.
Iveki nganye, kucetyiswa oku kulandelayo: ukufuma komhlaba kunye noqikelelo lobushushu oluvela kwi-ECMWF. Olu lwazi lucutshungulwa kwiiseva ze-CICYTEX kusetyenziswa inkqubo ethile eguqulela iinguqu zemozulu kwisalathiso somngcipheko ukusuka ku-0 ukuya ku-1, apho amaxabiso aphezulu abonisa amathuba amakhulu eemeko ezifanelekileyo zokuvelisa ii-zoospore.
Isiphumo sibonakala kwi iimaphu, iitshathi kunye neephaneli zokubeka esweni ngokweendawo Ezi zixhobo zisenza sikwazi ukubona imeko kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zase-Extremadura. Okwangoku, ukubekwa esweni okuneenkcukacha kwenziwa kwiindawo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kunye namahlathi e-holm oak kunye ne-cork oak, kudibanisa umbono wengingqi kunye nohlalutyo oluneenkcukacha ngakumbi lwendawo yokujonga.
Xa inkqubo ibona ukuba ixesha lobushushu kunye nokufuma elilungele ngakumbi iPhytophthora lisondela, iyasondela ivuselela isilumkiso somngcipheko we-phytosanitaryOlu lwazi lupapashwa kwiwebhusayithi ezinikele kwesi sifo kwaye luthunyelwa nakubantu ababhalisiweyo kwinkonzo yesaziso, ukuze bakwazi ukulungiselela amanyathelo kwiifama zabo.
Injongo ye-SILVA-F ayikokuxela imeko ngexesha langempela kuphela, kodwa kukukhuthaza utshintsho kwindlela yokwenza izinto: ukuyeka ukusabela xa umonakalo sele ubonakala ukucwangcisa amanyathelo kwangaphambili, alungelelaniswe nenqanaba lomngcipheko olindelekileyo veki nganye nakwindawo nganye.
Ukufikelela kulwazi: iwebhusayithi kunye nezaziso zeWhatsApp
Ukuze kube lula ukusebenzisa le nkqubo, i-CICYTEX ivumele iphepha lewebhu elithile kwiFitóftoraapho unokujonga imeko yomngcipheko wangoku, uqikelelo lweentsuku ezininzi, kunye neengcebiso zobugcisa ezinxulumene nemeko nganye. Ezi paneli zibonisa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, iimephu zomngcipheko wemihla ngemihla kunye neegrafu ezibonisa uguquko oluqikelelweyo.
Ukongeza, eli qonga linika ithuba lokuba Bhalisela iqela lezaziso zoluntu lwe-WhatsAppLe tshaneli isetyenziselwa ukusasaza izaziso xa kufunyenwe umngcipheko owandileyo wokusasazeka, kunye nohlaziyo olufanelekileyo kuphando, iimvavanyo, okanye utshintsho kwiingcebiso zolawulo.
Olu nxibelelwano lwewebhu kunye nemiyalezo ekhawulezileyo lujolise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abaphathi bee-dehesas kunye nabanini bamahlathi Banolwazi olufumanekayo, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokujonga rhoqo iiwebhusayithi ezisemthethweni. Ngale ndlela, ngamaxesha anzima, isilumkiso sifika ngqo kwiifowuni zabo eziphathwayo.
Esi sixhobo asenzelwanga iingcali ezikhethekileyo kuphela; singaba luncedo nakwi abanini bomhlaba abancinci kunye nabalimi bemfuyo Kufuneka bazi ukuba kunini apho kucetyiswa khona ukuthatha amanyathelo okhuseleko angaphezulu. Ingcinga kukwenza ukufikelela kwiinkcukacha ezintsonkothileyo ezixela kwangaphambili kube yimiyalezo ecacileyo, ehamba nezikhokelo ezisebenzayo zokwenza izinto.
Nangona ingqwalasela yangoku ikwi-Extremadura, uhlobo lwendlela eyamkelwe yi-SILVA-F ingasebenza njengesalathiso se eminye imimandla yaseYurophu enehlathi le-holm oak kunye ne-cork oak ezichaphazelekileyo kwiingxaki ezifanayo, apho ukubeka esweni ngokusekelwe kwiimodeli zemozulu kunokwenza umahluko kulawulo lwamahlathi.
Amanyathelo acetyiswayo ngexesha lembalela
Nje ukuba isilumkiso sisebenze, i-CICYTEX igxininisa ukuba isitshixo siku ukunciphisa ukusasazeka kwe-pathogen phakathi kwamabala anezinga elahlukileyo losulelo. Ingcebiso yokuqala kukuphepha ukuhambisa umhlaba kwiindawo ezineempawu ukuya kwiindawo ezisabonwa zisempilweni.
Oku kuthetha ukuba ulumke kakhulu oomatshini, izithuthi kunye nezixhobo ezinokuthi zirhuqe umhlaba onamathele kumavili okanye kwizinto ezithile. Nanini na xa kunokwenzeka, kuyacetyiswa ukuba zinciphise ukuhamba kwazo ngaphandle kweendlela ezimiselweyo, kwaye ukuba kuyimfuneko ukusuka kwindawo echaphazelekayo ukuya kwindawo engachaphazelekanga, kusetyenziswe amanyathelo asisiseko okucoca ukuze kuthintelwe ukuthutha amasuntswana omhlaba osulelekileyo.
Omnye umlinganiselo ophawulekayo ngu isithintelo sexeshana sokungena kwemfuyo Kwiindawo apho imithi echaphazelekileyo yimbalela ifunyenwe khona, ukuhambahamba kwezilwanyana kunokunceda ukuthuthwa komhlaba ngaphandle kwenjongo phakathi kweendawo ezahlukeneyo zefama. Ke ngoko, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kuhlengahlengiswe ukutya kwezilwanyana kwiiveki apho kukho umngcipheko omkhulu.
Kukwacetyiswa ukunciphisa ithrafikhi yabasebenzi kwaye kuncitshiswe umsebenzi onzima wasentsimini ngelixa isiganeko esibalulekileyo siqhubeka, kubekwe phambili amanyathelo abalulekileyo kwaye kuhlehliswe lawo anokwenza kube nzima ukusasazeka kwesifo.
Ezi zikhokelo zokhuseleko lwebhayoloji azisiphelisi esi sifo, kodwa ziyanceda ukunqanda ukusasazeka kokuqhambuka kwezifo ezintshaZidibene nokubeka esweni okuqhubekayo ngenkqubo ye-SILVA-F, zivumela ulawulo ukuba luhlengahlengiswe ngokwemeko veki nganye, zilungelelanise inqanaba lokhuseleko kwisalathisi somngcipheko esipapashiweyo.
Uphando kunye nolawulo lwexesha elide lwe-dehesa
Uphuhliso lwe-SILVA-F luyinxalenye ye iminyaka eliqela yomsebenzi weCICYTEX igxile ekunciphiseni kwe-holm oak kunye ne-cork oak. Eli ziko likhuthaze uvavanyo lwezenzululwazi, izifundo zasentsimini kunye neempapasho zobugcisa ezijolise ekuphuculeni ulawulo lwamahlathi xa kujongwa iPhytophthora.
Kwizigaba zangaphambili, inkqubo yayisekelwe uthungelwano lwezikhululo zovavanyo ezikwiindawo ezisebenzisanayoeyayiqokelela idatha yasekuhlaleni ukuze yondle iimodeli. Utshintsho oluya kwiqonga elixhaswa zizibikezelo ze-ECMWF lubonisa ukunyuka kwamandla okuqikelela kwenkqubo kunye nokugubungela indawo.
Ngaxeshanye, oku kulandelayo kuye kwaphuhliswa iincwadi zolawulo nokuthintela ijoliswe kwiingcali kweli candelo, apho kuqokelelwa khona izikhokelo malunga nokuxinana kwemithi, ulawulo lwamadlelo, ukugcinwa komhlaba kunye nezinye iindlela ezinokuchaphazela ukuvela kwembalela kwixesha eliphakathi nelide.
Ingcamango esisiseko kukuba, xa ujamelene nesifo esiqhubekayo njengePhytophthora, Akwanelanga ukungenelela kuphela xa kuvela iimpawuKubalulekile ukudibanisa ulwazi lomngcipheko kwizigqibo zolawulo lwemihla ngemihla, ukusuka ekucwangciseni umsebenzi wamahlathi ukuya ekuhleleni imithwalo yemfuyo kwisiza ngasinye.
Kwimeko apho utshintsho lwemozulu lunokutshintsha iipatheni zemvula kunye namaqondo obushushu, izixhobo zokuxela kwangaphambili kunye nokubeka esweni ezifana ne-SILVA-F zithathwa njengezinto ezibangela ukwehla kwamandla emali. icandelo leqhinga lokumelana nobunzima be-dehesa, e-Extremadura nakwezinye iindawo ze-Iberia Peninsula apho imbalela nayo ikwayingxaki.
Ukudityaniswa kwezilumkiso zakuqala, iingcebiso zokhuseleko lwezinto eziphilayo kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa ekhethekileyo kuqinisa amandla okuphendula kwabaphathi kunye nabanini kwingozi enzima efana nokuwa kwe-holm oaks kunye ne-cork oaks, okunceda ukukhusela inkqubo ebalulekileyo yendalo kunye nezixhobo zoqoqosho ezixhomekeke kuyo.
