Itumato yomthi, ekwabizwa ngokuba yitamarillo, sisiqhamo esimangalisayo ngenxa yenkangeleko yayo kunye nencasa yayo, idibanisa amasuntswana aswiti kunye amuncu. Nangona ingaziwa kakuhle kweminye imimandla, ifumene ukuthandwa okukhulu kumazwe aseMzantsi Melika kunye neendawo ezithile ezisezantsi ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo kunye nexabiso lesondlo.
Abantu abaninzi banomdla indlela yokutyala iitumato zomthi Ekhaya, nokuba wonwabele iziqhamo zayo ezitsha, sebenzisa izibonelelo zayo zokupheka, okanye nje njengento yokuhombisa kunye nendalo kwigadi yakho. Ukukhula kwe-tamarillos kunokuba ngamava anomvuzo, nje ukuba silandela uluhlu lweengcebiso ezibalulekileyo kunye nezikhokelo zokhathalelo.
Yintoni itumato yomthi?
El itumato yomthi Sisiqhamo esikhula kwizihlahla okanye kwimithi emincinci kwintsapho yaseSolanaceae. Elona gama layo lamkelekileyo lezenzululwazi ngu I-solanum betaceum, nangona ikwaziwa phantsi kwegama elithi Cyphomandra betacea. Olu hlobo lu uhlala eluhlaza kunye ne-evergreen, evumela ukuba ihlale iluhlaza unyaka wonke kwiimeko zemozulu ezifanelekileyo. Amatyholo anokufikelela kwi-2 ukuya kwi-4 yeemitha ukuphakama, avelise iziqhamo ezimile okweqanda kunye nesikhumba esikhanyayo kunye nemibala ebomvu, i-orenji, kunye nephuzi, kuxhomekeke kwiindidi.
Imvelaphi evela kwimimandla yase-Andean yaseMzantsi Melika, i-tamarillo iye yasasazeka kwamanye amazwekazi, ifumana ukuziqhelanisa nemozulu ephantsi kunye neMeditera. Incasa yayo yahluke kakhulu kwaye ihlala isetyenziswa kumalungiselelo aswiti namnandi: iijusi, iijam, iisosi, izimuncumuncu, kunye nesityu esitsha. Ukongeza kwixabiso layo lokupheka, ivelele kuyo Zityebile kwii-antioxidants, iivithamini (A, C, E) kunye neeminerali ezifana ne-potassium, i-iron kunye ne-phosphorus.
Nini ukutyala iitumato zomthi?
La Ukukhetha ixesha elifanelekileyo lokutyala i-tamarillo Kuxhomekeke ikakhulu kwimozulu yendawo. Eyona ngcebiso iphambili kuphephe ukugabadela kwamaqondo obushushu, ngakumbi iqabaka, ezinokuchaphazela kakhulu izithole ezincinci. Ixesha elilelona liqhelekileyo Intwasahlobo okanye ukuwa, xa amaqondo obushushu azinzile kwaye ingozi yokubanda kakhulu iyancipha. Kwiindawo ezibandayo, kungcono ukulinda kude kube yintlakohlaza. Nangona kunjalo, kwiindawo ezifudumeleyo nezifumileyo, ukutyalwa kunokwenziwa kulo lonke ixesha lonyaka, ukuba nje ukufuma okuyimfuneko kuqinisekisiwe ekuphuhliseni isityalo ngokufanelekileyo.
Yeyiphi imozulu efanelekileyo yokukhula?
Itumato yomthi ikhetha Amaqondo obushushu aphakathi, ngokubanzi phakathi kwe-15ºC kunye ne-25ºCNangona inokumelana neentsuku ezifudumeleyo kunye nobusuku obupholileyo, kunyaka wokuqala wobomi bunjalo ngakumbi ubuthathaka kwingqele, ngoko kubalulekile ukuwakhusela kwiqabaka. Kwiindawo zase-Andean, uluhlu lwabo lokuphakama oluphezulu lusuka I-1.000 ukuya kwi-2.800 yeemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandleKucetyiswa ukuba uyityale kwiindawo ezineqondo elithile lokufuma kokusingqongileyo, kodwa apho ufumana iiyure ezi-6 ukuya kwezisi-8 zokukhanya kwelanga ngqo yonke imihla, ukuphepha ukuchanabeka kwimitha eyingozi okanye umoya onamandla ongonakalisa amasebe kunye neziqhamo.
Ukuvezwa ixesha elide kwimitha ephezulu ngaphandle kokhuseleko kunokucothisa ukukhula kwayo. Kule meko, kulungele ukusetyenziswa iminatha yomthunzi okanye iikhethini zokunqanda umoya ukugcina uphuhliso lwamatyholo.
Umhlaba olungele ukutyala i-tamarillo
Ukuphumelela ekukhuliseni iitumato zomthi kubalulekile lungisa umhlaba ochumileyo, otsalwe kakuhle kunye nezinto ezilungileyo eziphilayo. Ikhetha umhlaba ovunduvundu okanye oyisanti oluvunduvundu one-pH eneasidi kancinane (idla ngokuba phakathi kwe-5.5 kunye ne-7). Ukuba umhlaba uxinene kakhulu, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uxutywe nawo perlite okanye isanti ukuphucula umthamo wayo wokukhupha amanzi.
Phambi kokuhlwayela, licebo elihle ukwenza a uhlalutyo pH ekhaya kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, yilungise ngokongeza izinto eziphilayo okanye iimveliso ezithile. Igalelo le i-compost, i-worm humus okanye i-organic fertilizer Ngexesha lokutyala inceda ukunika izondlo ezifunekayo ukuvuselela ukukhula kokuqala kwesityalo.
Indlela yokufumana nokulungisa imbewu?
Itumato yomthi inokuveliswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ibe yi imbewu eyona nkqubo ilula nethandwa kakhulu. Ukwenza oku, kufuneka ukhethe iziqhamo ezivuthiweyo nezisempilweni, ukukhupha ngokucophelela imbewu. Ezi ziyahlanjwa ukuze zisuse nayiphi na i-pulp ebambelelayo kwaye zifakwe emanzini ubuncinane iiyure ezingama-24, nto leyo eyenza iqokobhe elingaphandle lithambe kwaye liphucule ukuntshula.
Emva kokuba eli xesha lidlulile, ziyekwa ukuba zome kwindawo enomthunzi. Njengokhetho oluphambili, banokubulawa iintsholongwane ngeemveliso zendalo ukuthintela usulelo lomngundo. Imbewu inokuhlwayelwa ngokuthe ngqo kwiitreyi okanye kwiibhedi zembewu, kusetyenziswa isubstrate ekhethekileyo yeebhedi zembewu kunye nokugcina ukufuma de izithole zifike kubungakanani obukhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba zityalwe.
Ezinye iindlela zokusasaza
Nangona indlela yembewu iyeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu kwinqanaba lasekhaya, i-tamarillo inokuphinda iveliswe ngokusikwa okanye ngokuxutywaI-cuttings kufuneka yenziwe nge-semi-hardwood, phakathi kwe-1 kunye ne-2 ubudala, kunye nobukhulu obuncinci be-1,5 cm kunye nobude be-45 ukuya kwi-75 cm, iqinisekisa ubuncinane i-3 okanye i-4 buds. Emva kokutyala kumhlaba ofumileyo, ukuntshula kudla ngokuvela malunga neeveki ezi-3 okanye ezine.
La ukuzala ngokusikwa Ivelisa izityalo ezincinci, ezinqabileyo ezine-internodes ezimfutshane kunye ne-branching ukusuka kwisiseko, ezinokuthi zibe luncedo kwiindawo ezinomoya. I-Micropropagation ikhona, nangona igcinelwe imisebenzi yorhwebo ngenxa yeendleko zayo kunye nobunzima.
Ukuhlwayela kunye nokutshintshwa
Nje ukuba Izithole zifikelele phakathi kwe-15 kunye ne-30 cm ubude (ngokuqhelekileyo kwiinyanga ezi-2 emva kokuntshula), ngoku zilungele ukutshintshwa kwindawo yazo yokugqibela. Kucetyiswa ukuba ulungiselele imingxuma ephindwe kabini ubukhulu bebhola yeengcambu, kunye nemilinganiselo encinci ye-50x50 cm kunye nokukhanya okukhanyayo kwe-organic fertilizer kunye ne-guano ezantsi. Kubalulekile ukugcina a umgama omncinane oziimitha ezi-3 phakathi kwezityalo ukuphepha ukhuphiswano lwezondlo kunye nendawo, ngakumbi ukuba iisampuli ezininzi zityaliwe okanye kufuphi neminye imithi yeziqhamo.
Kumasimi anzima, njengaseColombia, ayalawulwa Iifreyimu zokutyala eziziimitha ezi-4x4 okanye uxinano lokuya kutsho kuma-625 ezityalo ngehektare nganye. Kwiimozulu ezinomoya, kunye nezithuba ezincinci zicetyiswa ukuba zenze amakhethini endalo kunye nokukhusela izihlahla.
Iimfuno zokunkcenkceshela kunye namanzi
El Ukunkcenkceshela ngomnye wemiba ephambili ekulinyweni kwetamarilloIsityalo asiyinyamezeli imbalela ixesha elide, ngakumbi kwizigaba zokuqala kunye naxa uphuhliso lweziqhamo. Kucetyiswa ukuba ugcine i-substrate kunye nayo ukufuma okuqhubekayo kodwa ngaphandle kokukhukula, ekubeni amanzi amaninzi anokubangela ukubola kweengcambu. Kungcono ukunkcenkceshela rhoqo ngamaxesha embalela kwaye unciphise umthamo xa kunetha, ukulungelelanisa ukunkcenkceshela ngokweqondo lobushushu kunye nokukhanya kwelanga.
Njengesikhokelo ngokubanzi, i Iimfuno zonyaka zamanzi ziphakathi kwama-600 kunye nama-800 mm amanzi ngehektare nganyeKuhlala kungcono ukunkcenkceshela ngezona yure zipholileyo zemini ukunqanda ukuvela komphunga okukhawulezayo kunye noxinzelelo lwamanzi kwisityalo.
Uqeqesho kunye nokugcinwa kokuthenwa
La Ukuthena kubalulekile kwintlalontle kunye nemveliso yetumato yomthiKwinqanaba lolutsha, ukuthenwa okucwangcisiweyo kwenziwa xa isityalo sifikelela kwi-30 okanye i-40 cm, ukukhetha i-3 okanye i-4 amahlumela aphambili aya kusebenza njengamasebe omzali. Emva koko, ukuthenwa kwesondlo kubandakanya ukususa amasebe afileyo, lawo sele evelile, okanye lawo akhulela ngaphakathi kwicanopy. Ukuba isityalo sinamahlumela angafunekiyo okanye amahlumela avela kwisiseko, kufuneka asuswe ukuze aphephe ukhuphiswano.
Ukuthena kuqhele ukwenziwa entwasahlobo, kanye emva kokuba ingozi yeqabaka idlulileUkuthena kwangethuba kukhuthaza ukuvuthwa kweziqhamo; ukuba lishiywe lixesha, lingathatha ixesha elide ukuvuthwa. Ukuthena amasebe aqinileyo kunokwenziwa ngezikere ezilula zokuthena, nangona kwimizekelo emininzi, ukuthena ngesandla kwanele, njengoko bengenako ixesha elide.
Ukuchumisa kunye nesondlo seminerali
I-tamarillo idinga izondlo eziphambili zophuhliso olugqibeleleyo. Kwizityalo zorhwebo, izindululo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukusasazwa kwenitrogen (N), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) kunye necalcium (Ca), kunye nezalathisi zexabiso lereferensi ye-170 kg ye-N, 45 kg ye-P, i-160 kg ye-K, i-30 kg ye-Mg kunye ne-65 kg ye-Ca ngehektare nganye, ukufumana malunga ne-16 yeziqhamo ngehektare nganye. Kwimiyezo yasekhaya, kuya kukwanela ukufaka isicelo izichumiso eziphilayo ezibole kakuhle kwaye zibuyisele inxalenye yomhlaba ngomgquba ekuqaleni kwesizini nganye.
Ukwahlula ukuchumisa kwizigaba ezininzi (emva kokuthena, entwasahlobo naphakathi kwehlobo) kunceda ukuphucula ukufunxa kwezityalo kunye nempilo.
Ukudluliselwa kwepoleni yeetumato zomthi
I-tamarillo inako zizenzele ipoleni okanye zibe cross-pollinated nezinye izityalo. Umoya kunye nezinambuzane, ngakumbi iinyosi kunye ne-bumblebees, zezona zixhobo zokuhambisa ipoleni. Zombini i-self- kunye ne-cross-pollination iyasebenza, kungekho mahluko ubalulekileyo kwiseti yeziqhamo ebonwayo phakathi kweendlela ezimbini, ngokutsho kwezinye izifundo eziqhutywe eNew Zealand.
Izinambuzane eziqhelekileyo kunye nezifo
Njengaso nasiphi na isityalo, itumato yomthi ayikhululwa kuyo iingxaki ze-phytosanitaryPhakathi kwezona zinambuzane zikhankanyiweyo yi i-hemipteran Leptoglossus zonatus, ojongene neziqhamo ezonakalisayo kunye nokudlulisela izifo zokungunda njenge-anthracnose. I-genus Margarodes kwaye, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ubukho be nematodes emhlabeni (Xiphinema americanum, Imiloidogyne y I-Pratylenchus) inokuchaphazela isityalo, ibangele ubuthathaka kunye nokulahlekelwa ngamandla.
Ngokuphathelele izifo, gxininisa i kwinto (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides y C. acutatum) kwaye i ukunyangwa kwebhaktheriya yenziwe ngu Pseudomonas solanacearumEzi zifo zingabangela ilahleko enkulu, engaphaya kwe-50% yemveliso kwiifama zorhwebo.
Ulawulo olululo lubandakanya Ukujikeleziswa kwezityalo, ukubulala iintsholongwane emhlabeni, ukukhetha imbewu esempilweni kunye nokusetyenziswa kweemveliso eziphilayo okanye unyango lomngundo ukuba luyimfuneko.Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kweziqhamo ezosulelekileyo nako kunceda ukunciphisa ukusasazeka.
Ukuvuna kunye nemveliso
Itumato yomthi Ifikelela kwimveliso yayo ephezulu malunga neminyaka emithathu ubudala Ukusuka kutyalo, zigcina ubomi bentengiso obuluncedo malunga neminyaka eyi-7-8. Izivuno ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo kunye nenkathalo, phakathi kwe 20 kunye ne 50 kg yesiqhamo kwisityalo ngasinye. Kwiifama ezinkulu ze-Andean, zinokudlula iitoni ezingama-40 ngehektare nganye ngonyaka. Ngenxa yokukhula kwabo okungapheliyo, Ayizizo zonke iziqhamo ezivuthwa ngaxeshanye, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukuqokelela amaxesha amaninzi ekwindla nasebusika.
I-tamarillo yi iziqhamo ezingezizo zeclimacteric, oko kukuthi, kufuneka ivunwe xa ifikelela ekuvuthweni ukuze isetyenziswe ngokuthe ngqo. Ezinye izikhombisi ezinceda ekumiseleni ixesha elifanelekileyo lokuvuna zezo umbala ofanayo (obomvu okanye otyheli, kuxhomekeke kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo), ukuqina kunye nomxholo weswekile odlula i-8%Ukuvuna kwenziwa ngokusikwa ngobunono isiqu, ukuphepha ukonakalisa umphezulu wesiqhamo ukuphucula ukulondolozwa kwaso.
Emva kokuvuna kunye nolondolozo
La ulondolozo olufanelekileyo lweetumato zomthi Kubalulekile ukugcina umgangatho kunye nokuthengiseka kwesiqhamo. Kucetyiswa ukuba kugcinwe iziqhamo phakathi kwe 3°C kunye ne 4,5°C, kunye nokufuma okungama 90-95%. Amaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-3 ° C anokubangela ukwenzakala okubandayo (umdaka wolusu kunye nokubonakala koxinzelelo), ngelixa ukuba ubushushu buphezulu kakhulu, umngcipheko wokubola uyanda kakhulu.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamanzi ashushu ashushu, unyango lwe-antifungal, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-wax kuboniswe ukwandisa ubomi beshelufu ukuya kwiiveki ezi-8 phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo. Kubalulekile ukujonga rhoqo iziqhamo ezigciniweyo kwaye ususe nayiphi na imizekelo ebonisa iimpawu zokubola okanye izifo.
Iingenelo zokulima iitumato zomthi ekhaya
ITamarillo ayisosityalo nje esilula ukukhula, kodwa Ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi kwimpilo kunye nokusingqongileyo kwegadi.I-antioxidant ephezulu kunye nomxholo wevithamini yenza ukuba ube ngumhlobo kwisidlo sakho semihla ngemihla, ngelixa imbonakalo yayo ekhangayo yokuhombisa, enamagqabi amakhulu kunye neziqhamo ezibonisayo, yongeza ixabiso lokuhombisa. Ukongeza, ukulima ekhaya kuvumela ukufumaneka kwe iziqhamo ezintsha, eziphilayo kunye nekhemikhali, ilungele ukulungiselela iijam, iisosi kunye nejusi, okanye ukuyidla ngokuthe ngqo.
Ngocwangciso olufanelekileyo kunye nokulandela izindululo ezichazwe ngasentla, kunokwenzeka ukonwabela imveliso eninzi kwaye engaguquguqukiyo ixesha elininzi lonyaka. Akufunekanga silibale ixabiso lokulinga kunye nemfundo lokukhathalela isityalo esingaqhelekanga egadini, esilungele abo bafuna ukwandisa ulwazi lwabo lwezityalo okanye ukonwabela nje into yokuzonwabisa enomvuzo.
Ukulima iitumato zomthi ekhaya ngumceli mngeni ofikelelekayo kubantu abangafundanga kunye nabathanda isitiya abafuna ukuzama iincasa ezintsha kunye nokuqaqambisa igadi yabo ngesityalo esomeleleyo nesivelisayo. Into ekufuneka uyenzile kukunikela ingqalelo kumhlaba nakwimozulu, uqinisekise ukunkcenkceshela ngendlela eyiyo, kwaye uwukhusele kwizinambuzane nezifo. Ngomonde kunye nenkathalo, iziqhamo ze-tamarillo ziya kubetha kuyo nayiphi na indlu.