I-Quelites yinyani ye-gastronomic kunye nesondlo esinesondlo saseMexico nakweminye imimandla yaseLatin America, nangona abantu abaninzi bengazi ukuba kulula kangakanani ukukhula kunye nokuba negalelo elingakanani kwizinto eziphilayo kunye nesondlo sabo badlayo. Nangona eminye imifuno ngoku igqwesileyo kwiitafile zasezidolophini, ii-quelites ibikukutya okuluhlaza okokoko kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana, kuvela kwiiresiphi ezidumileyo, izityalo zokuziphilisa, nakwiinkqubo zezolimo zemveli ezifana nemilpa. Le mifuno, ngaphezu kokuba inxulunyaniswe nenkcubeko kunye nembali, ibalulekile kwimpilo kunye nokuzinza kwezolimo, kwaye kweli nqaku, uya kufumanisa ukuba ungayikhulisa njani kwaye usebenzise inzuzo yazo ezininzi.
Ukukhula kwe-quelites ekhaya okanye egadini akuyona nje indlela yokufikelela kwimifuno emitsha kunye neyondlo, kodwa kunye nendlela yokufaka isandla ekulondolozweni kwe-agrobiodiversity kunye nezithethe zokupheka. Ukusuka ekuvuneni endle ukuya ekulimeni okucwangcisiweyo, kubandakanya ulawulo lwe-polyculture, ii-quelites zibonelela ngamathuba angapheliyo okutya okwahlukeneyo kunye nokuphucula umhlaba apho zikhule khona. Funda yonke into oyifunayo ukuqala ukukhulisa le mifuno: iintlobo eziqhelekileyo, iimeko zokutyala, ukuphatha, ukuvuna, kunye nokunye okuninzi.
Ziziphi ii-quelites kwaye kutheni kufuneka uzikhulise?
Igama elithi 'quelite' lisuka kwi-Nahuatl 'quilitl', elithetha ngokuthe ngqo 'imifuno' okanye 'isityalo sethenda esityiwayo'. EMexico nakweminye imimandla yeLatin America, eli gama liquka iintlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo nezityalo eziselula ezinamahlumelo, amagqabi okanye iziqu zawo ezinokutyiwa zintsha okanye ziphekiwe. Okwangoku, kukho ngaphezu kwe-350 yeentlobo zee-quelites ezirekhodwe eMexico kuphela, nangona ezinye iingingqi zineentlobo zazo, ezinye zazo ezingaziwa kangako ngaphandle kwendawo yazo.
I-Quelites ngokwembali ibiyintsika yokutya kwemveli kunye nabalimi. Ukubaluleka kwayo kulele kuyo Ukuveliswa lula, iimfuno zokhathalelo oluphantsi kunye nexabiso elikhulu lesondloNgaphaya koko, kwezolimo zemveli zaseMexico, ii-quelites ziyinxalenye yeenkqubo zezolimo ezintsonkothileyo, apho ubukho bazo bunegalelo ekuchumeni komhlaba, ekulawuleni izinambuzane zebhayoloji, kunye nokuphila koluntu. Kunokuba zibe "lukhula," iintlobo ezininzi ziyanyamezelwa kwaye zikhuselwe ukuba zisebenziseke njengokutya, amayeza kunye nemithombo yendalo.
Iintlobo eziphambili ze-quelites: iimpawu kunye nokusetyenziswa
Phakathi kwezona quelites zidumileyo sifumana i-quintonil (Amaranthus spp.), purslane (IPortulaca oleracea), upapa (Porophylum ruderale), romerito (Suaeda nigra), huauzontle (I-Chenopodium berlandieri subsp. nuttaliiae), iintlungu (Anoda cristata), epazote (IDysphania ambrosioides), chaya (ICnidoscolus aconitifolius), igqabi elingcwele (I-Piper autumiichepiles (ICrotalaria spp.) kunye ne-tequelite (Peperomia peltilimba), phakathi kwabanye. Ezi zityalo zinokusetyenziswa phantse kuyo nayiphi na iresiphi: zityiwa kwiisaladi, isuphu kunye nesityu, kunye nakwi-appetizers kunye ne-moles. Uhlobo ngalunye luneempawu zalo ngokubhekiselele kwincasa, ukuthungwa, kunye neemfuno zokulima, kodwa zonke zabelana ngevithamini ephezulu kunye nomxholo weeminerali.
Izondlo ezibonelelwa yile mifuno ziyimfuneko ekutyeni okunesondlo. Ngokomzekelo, ikhulu leegram zamagqabi avela kwi-amaranth, brassica, okanye chenopodiaceae zinokugubungela iimfuno zemihla ngemihla ze-vitamin A, C, riboflavin, kunye ne-thiamine. Imbewu ye-amaranthaceae ethile (efana ne Amaranthus hypochondriacus y Amaranthus cruetus) ziqulathe ukuya kuthi ga kwi-18% yeprotheyini, ibe sisiseko sokutya kwendabuko njenge-alegría. Amagqabi ayo abonelela ngentsimbi, i-potassium, i-calcium kunye ne-fiber, ngaphezu kokuba neempawu zonyango ezaziwayo kumayeza esintu.
Iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokukhula kwee-quelites
Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili ze-quelites kukulungelelaniswa kwazo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba kunye neemeko zemozulu. Iindidi ezininzi zikhula ngokuzenzekela kumhlaba ombi, kwincam yezityalo okanye kwiindawo eziphazamisekileyo. Ezinye zingatyalwa ngabom kwiigadi zasekhaya okanye nakwiimbiza. Ngokubanzi, ii-quelites zifuna:
- Imihlaba egalelwe kakuhle ityebile kwizinto eziphilayo, nangona iintlobo ezininzi zinyamezela umhlaba ompofu.
- Imozulu eshushu okanye epholileyo, ekubeni inkoliso yezilwanyana iyayiva iqabaka.
- Ukunkcenkceshela okumodareyitha: Uninzi lwabo luyakwazi ukunyamezela amaxesha embalela, nangona bexabisa ukufuma rhoqo, ngakumbi kwiintsuku zabo zokuqala.
- Ukukhanya kwelanga: Uninzi lwe-quelites lukhetha ukukhanya kwelanga ngqo, nangona ezinye iintlobo zikhula kwi-semi-shade.
Ziyakwazi ukukhula ukuya kwi-2,200 yeemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. (ezifana ne-French purslane) kwaye, nangona udidi lobushushu luhluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo, Kufanelekile ukugcina izityalo zikhuselwe kwingqele egqithisileyo kunye nomoya.
Iindlela zokulawula kunye neendlela zokutyala
Ulawulo lwee-quelites luxhomekeke kwiintlobo, inkqubo yokulima kunye nendawo yokugqibela yokuvuna. Ngokwemveli, ziye zanyanyezelwa, zakhuthazwa, zakhuselwa kumbona nakwezinye izityalo ezinxulumeneyo, zibonelela ngeenzuzo kumlimi kunye nolungelelwaniso lwendalo. Ezona ndlela ziphambili ezaziwayo zolawulo zezi:
- Ukunyamezela: Gcina izityalo eziluncedo esele zikhule endle xa uguqulela umhlaba ekulimeni, uthintele ukhula ngokupheleleyo.
- Khuselo: Khusela izityalo ezikhethiweyo kumarhamncwa okanye ukhuphiswano ngokususa ukhula olunamandla, ukuthena, okanye ukufaka isichumiso.
- Unyuso: Ukwandisa ngabom ubukho beentlobo ezinqwenelekayo ngokuhlwayela ngokuthe ngqo okanye ukutshintshwa ukuze uqinisekise isivuno esihle.
Amanyathelo okutyala ii-quelites
Ukutyala ii-quelites kulula kwaye kufikeleleke kuye nabani na. Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwe-kelp, inokuhlwayelwa ngokuthe ngqo emhlabeni, kwimisele, okanye ezimbizeni. La ngamanyathelo ngokubanzi:
- Ukulungiswa komhlaba: Susa umhlaba kwaye wongeze izinto eziphilayo (umgquba okanye umgquba) ukuphucula amanzi kunye nokuchuma.
- Ukuhlwayela: Iimbewu ezininzi ze-purslane zincinci kwaye zinokusasazwa phezulu; zigqume nje ngomhlaba obhityileyo. Ezinye iintlobo, ezifana ne-purslane, zinokusasazwa ngokusikwa.
- Unkcenkceshelo: Nkcenkceshela ngobunono ukunqanda ukususa imbewu. Gcina umhlaba ufumile, unqande ukugcwala kwamanzi.
- Ukukhula: Xa izithole ziziisentimitha ezimbalwa ubude, zinokucuthwa ukushiya isithuba phakathi kwazo.
- Ukuvuna: Uninzi lwee-quelites zivunwa xa zithenda. Kungcono ukusika amagqabi, amahlumela, okanye amasebe amancinci ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwakhona.
Ezinye iintlobo, ezifana ne-quintonil, ziyazuza ngokutyalwa ngokubambisana nezityalo zemveli ezifana nombona. Ngale ndlela, izondlo zomhlaba zisetyenziswa, ukhuphiswano luyalingana, kwaye umsebenzi uyancitshiswa. Iintsapho ezininzi zabalimi zidibanisa ukuhlwayela ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokuvunwa kwezityalo zasendle ezinyamezelweyo kwimida yamasimi azo.
Indima yendalo kunye nenkcubeko yee-quelites
Ngaphaya kwexabiso lazo lesondlo, ii-quelites zibalulekile kwimpilo ye-agroecosystems. Iindidi ezininzi zisebenza njengomgquba oluhlaza, okwandisa izinto eziphilayo kunye nokuchuma komhlaba emva kokuvuna. Ezinye, ezifana ne-epazote, zinganceda ukulawula i-nematodes emhlabeni, ngelixa ezinye iimbotyi (ezifana ne-mucuna kunye ne-sesbania) zilungisa i-nitrogen okanye zisebenze njengezityalo zokusitha.
I-Quelites ikwakhuthaza ulawulo lwezinambuzane zebhayoloji. Ezinye iintlobo zisebenza njengemigibe yezinambuzane ezinobungozi, ngelixa ezinye, xa zidubula, zibonelela nge-nectar kunye ne-pollen kwizinambuzane ezincedo (izilwanyana ezidliwayo kunye ne-parasitoids yezinambuzane). Ulawulo olukhethiweyo lwezigaqa ezithile emiphethweni naphakathi kwemiqolo yezityalo kunokomeleza ulungelelwaniso lwendalo kunye nokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwimichiza yokutshabalalisa izinambuzane.
Kwinqanaba lenkcubeko, i-quelites imele unxibelelwano phakathi kolwazi lwezinyanya, i-biodiversity, kunye nokutya kwendabuko. Uluntu ngalunye kunye nommandla ngamnye ukhetha kwaye usebenzise uhlobo olulungele umhlaba wabo kunye neemeko zemozulu, ukudlulisa iiresiphi kunye nolwazi kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Ukuphononongwa kwabo kwi-gastronomy yangoku kubonisa eli lifa lemveli elityebileyo.
Umzekelo: intaba ipurslane okanye iFrench purslane (I-Talinum triangulare)
Intaba i-quelite ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuguquguquka kunye nokuchasana kwee-quelites. Ifumaneka kwindawo ezishushu zaseMelika, ngoku ifumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezishushu. Sisityalo esihlala ixesha elide, sikhula phakathi kwe-30 cm kunye ne-1 m ubude, kunye namagqabi athambileyo, iintyatyambo ezincinci, kunye neengcambu ezizibhobho. Ikhula kakuhle kuyo yomibini imihlaba efumileyo neyomileyo, ngaphandle kokuba umhlaba unamanzi amahle kunye nezinto eziphilayo. Ingatyalwa kwindawo ephakamileyo ukuya kwi-2,200 yeemitha, iyakwazi ukumelana nomthunzi, kwaye ikhula kakuhle ekukhanyeni kwelanga. Amagqabi amatsha kunye namagqabi ayatyiwa kwaye axatyiswe kakhulu kwiisaladi, isuphu, kunye nesityu, kwaye ikwasetyenziselwa amayeza kunye nokuhombisa.
Ulawulo lwezoLimo nozinzo
Ukulinywa kwee-quelites, ngakumbi kwiifama ezincinci, kufuna amagalelo ambalwa angaphandle kwaye kuxhomekeke kakhulu kulwazi lwendawo. Ngenxa yokuqina kwazo, iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo zifuna isichumiso esincinci esongeziweyo kwaye ziyakwazi ukumelana nembalela, nto leyo ezenza zibe lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kwiindawo ezinobuncwane obuncinci okanye kwiigadi zasedolophini ezinamanzi alinganiselweyo. Ulawulo lwe-Agroecological of quelites lungabandakanya izenzo ezifana nokutyala kwiibhedi eziphakanyisiweyo, ukusebenzisa i-mulch okanye i-organic matter, kunye nokujikeleziswa kwezityalo ukunciphisa ukuchithwa kwezondlo kunye nophuhliso lwezifo.
Enye into ephawulekayo kukuba i-quelites ezininzi azikhuphisani kakhulu kunye nezityalo eziphambili. Zidla ngokutyiwa xa zithenda, phambi kokuba zichaphazele ukukhula kwezityalo ezifana nombona, iimbotyi, okanye umngqusho. Ngaphezu koko, iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana ziyakwazi ukuzinza eludinini okanye phakathi kwemiqolo ngaphandle kokubangela iingxaki, zisebenzise izithuba ebeziya kuhlala zifusi.
Ukuvuna, emva kokuvuna kunye nokuthengisa
I-quelites kufuneka ivunwe xa amahlumela esemancinci kwaye athambile, ukuze athathe inzuzo yencasa kunye nokuthungwa kwawo. Kunconywa ukwenza oku kusasa, xa izityalo zigcina i-turgidity yazo ingcono. Emva kokuvuna, kubalulekile ukucoca umhlaba oseleyo kunye nobutyobo kwaye uzigcine kwindawo epholileyo, efumileyo ukugcina umgangatho wazo kwaye uthintele ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni.
Kwiimarike, amafama amancinci kunye neentsapho zabalimi baqhubeka bengabavelisi abakhulu be-quelites. Imfuno kwiimarike zasekhaya, iimarike ezivulekileyo, kunye neendawo zokutyela ezixabisa ukutya kwesintu kunye neemveliso zemveli ziye zanda. Oku kudala amathuba amatsha kwabo balima kwaye bathengise ezi zityalo, ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwazo kunye nolondolozo.
Iiresiphi kunye nokusetyenziswa ekhitshini
Ukuguquguquka ekhitshini yenye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo ze-quelites. Ziyakwazi ukutyiwa zintsha kwiisaladi (ezifana ne-purslane, ipapalo, okanye i-quintonil), ziphekwe kwiisuphu kunye nezityu, ezisetyenziselwa ukuzalisa i-quesadillas kunye ne-tamales, okanye kwi-moles kunye neesosi. Iiresiphi ezininzi zemveli zidibanisa ii-quelites ezahlukeneyo okanye zixutywe nezinye izithako ezifana ne-nopales, itshilisi, okanye inyama, ukwenza izitya ezinencasa eyodwa kunye nexabiso eliphezulu lesondlo.
Ukulungiswa kwazo ngokuqhelekileyo kulula: ziphekwe kancinci okanye zixutywe ukuze zigcine iimpawu zazo. Ngokuquka ii-quelites ezininzi ekutyeni, kwandisa iindidi kunye negalelo le-micronutrients, ukongeza ekuxhaseni ukulondolozwa kweentlobo kunye nolwazi lwemveli.
I-Quelites imele ngaphezu kwemifuno; balilifa eliphilayo elibonisa izinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo, imbali, kunye nendlela eya ekusetyenzisweni okunenkathalo nangentlonipho kobutyebi bendalo. Ngokuzikhulisa uze uzidle, uyalomeleza ulwalamano lwakho nomhlaba, inkcubeko yakho, nokutya kwakho okusempilweni, okwahlukahlukeneyo. Ukuba uthatha isigqibo sokuzibandakanya egadini yakho okanye kwisidlo sakho, uya kube uncedisa ukugcina ilifa leminyanya liphila lizele zizibonelelo zempilo kunye nokusingqongileyo.