Isingeniso kwi-elm: ukubaluleka, imbali kunye nokuqatshelwa
El Elm Ngomnye weyona mithi ibonakalisa iipaki, iindlela, kunye neendawo zasemaphandleni kwiindawo ezipholileyo zomntla wehemisphere. Eyosapho ulmaceae, isini Ulmus Ibandakanya intaphane yeentlobo zeentlobo, uninzi lwazo luxatyiswa kakhulu ngenkangeleko yazo ebalaseleyo kunye nomthunzi, ngokuxhathisa kwazo kunye nokuguquguquka kwazo. Lo mthi unembali kunye nokubaluleka kwenkcubeko eYurophu, e-Asiya naseMelika, kwaye ngelishwa ikwayi-protagonist yenye yeentlekele ezinkulu zamva nje ze-phytosanitary: i Igraphiosis, isifo sokungunda esiye satshabalalisa amahlathi eelm.
I-elm ibonwa lula ngesithsaba sayo esibanzi, isiqu esomeleleyo, amaxolo aqhekekileyo, kunye namagqabi alula, atshintshileyo, anamazinyo. Ukongeza kwixabiso layo lokuhombisa, le mithi idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo, ibonelela ngekhusi nokutya kweentlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwizinto zemveli, ukusuka ekuchweleni ukuya kumayeza esintu.
Iintlobo eziphambili ze-elms kunye nokuhlelwa kwazo
Intsapho ye-Ulmaceae iqulethe malunga neentlobo ezili-15 kunye neentlobo ezingaphezu kwe-150, apho i-genus Ulmus Yeyona yaziwayo. Phakathi kweentlobo eziphawulekayo zezi:
- Ulmus omncinci (i-elm eqhelekileyo, ipoplar emnyama, ipoplar emnyama): inzalelwane yaseYurophu kunye nenxalenye yeNtshona Asia.
- ulmus pumila (I-elm yaseSiberia): izalelwa kuMbindi we-Asia kunye neMpuma Yurophu, ixabiswa ngenxa yokuqina kwayo.
- ulmus glabra (mountain elm): ixhaphake kwiindawo ezimanzi, ezipholileyo zasemntla Yurophu.
- Ulmus parvifolia (i-elm yaseTshayina): inzalelwane yaseTshayina, eJapan naseKorea, ixabiswa kakhulu kubugcisa bebhonsai.
- ulmus waseMelika (i-elm yaseMelika): uphawu lwamahlathi kunye neendlela kuMntla Melika.
- ulmus laevis (i-aspen okanye i-elm egudileyo): ikhona empuma nakumazantsi eYurophu.
- Ulmus procera ( elm yesiNgesi): ixhaphake eUnited Kingdom nakwimimandla eyingqongileyo.
Ezinye iintlobo kunye neentlobo ziquka i-elm yaseJapan (Ulmus japonica), i-Dutch hybrid elm (Ulmus x hollandica), ithomasii elm, phakathi kwabanye. Uhlobo ngalunye lubonisa iimpawu iimpawu zebhotani kunye nokulungelelanisa, ezimisela ukusetyenziswa kwazo egadini, emahlathini okanye ebhonsai.
I-Morphology kunye neempawu zebhotani ze-elm
I-elm ngu umthi onqabileyo apho kwindawo yayo yendalo inokufikelela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ze-20 ukuya kwi-40 yeemitha, nangona kukho iintlobo ezincinci kunye neentlobo, ngokukodwa ezisetyenziselwa ibhonsai okanye ukulima kwiindawo ezincinci.
- Copa: ibanzi, ingqukuva kwaye ixinene, inika umthunzi obambeneyo ehlotyeni.
- Umboko: iqonde kwaye yomelele, kunye negxolo elihluka ukusuka kwigrey ukuya kumnyama omnyama, ukuqhekeka kunye nokulinganisa kwiminyaka.
- Amagqabi: i-oval, enye, kunye nomda enamazinyo amabini kunye noburhabaxa. Umbala wayo uyahluka ukusuka eluhlaza obunzulu ukuya kumthubi, orenji, okanye bubomvu ekwindla, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo.
- Flores: encinci, ingabonakali, kwaye idibene, kunye neethoni ezibomvu, eziluhlaza, okanye ezimhlophe. Ngokuqhelekileyo zivela phambi okanye ngexesha elifanayo namagqabi.
- Isiqhamo: i-flat, i-samara ye-membranous, i-circular okanye i-oval in shape, esasazwa ngumoya.
Ubomi obude bomthi we-elm buqhele ukuba lukhulu; eminye imizekelo ingaphila iinkulungwane ezininzi ukuba iimeko zokusingqongileyo kunye nococeko ziyakuvumela.
Ukusasazeka ngokwejografi kunye neendawo zokuhlala zendalo
I-elm yinto eqhelekileyo ye imimandla eshushu ukusuka kuMntla weIkhweyitha. Isasazwa ukusuka eNtshona Yurophu ukuya kwiMpuma Ekude, igubungela imimandla emikhulu yaseAsia, kuMntla Merika, kunye nemimandla yeentaba okanye eselunxwemeni yoMntla Afrika.
- EYurophu, Ulmus omncinci Ixhaphakile kwiPeninsula yase-Iberia, kwiMeditera nakuMbindi Yurophu.
- ulmus glabra Ihlala kwimimandla yeentaba epholileyo nefumileyo.
- El I-elm yaseSiberia (ulmus pumila) ibonisa ukuchasana okukhulu kwiindawo ezomileyo nezigqithisileyo.
- KwiMpuma yeAsia, i I-chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia), edume ngokuhombisa kunye nexabiso lebhonsai.
- ulmus waseMelika Yeyona ntlobo imele kakhulu eNyakatho Melika, zombini kwiindawo zendalo kunye nedolophu.
Indawo yokuhlala eqhelekileyo ye-elm ngamathafa achumileyo, imilambo, amahlathi axubileyo, kunye namadlelo afumileyo. Ikhetha umhlaba onzulu, otsalwe kakuhle otyebileyo kwizinto eziphilayo, nangona iintlobo ezininzi zinyamezela iimeko ezingafanelekanga.
Ukusetyenziswa kwemveli kunye nokuhlobisa kwe-elm
I-elm iye yasetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kwindalo nakwinkalo yomntu:
- Umhlobiso: etyalwe kwiipaki, kwiindlela, kwiindlela zokuhamba, nanjengomthi womthunzi. Ezinye iintlobo kunye neentlobo zifanelekile kwiigadi ezinkulu, kwaye kukho ii-elms ezincinci kwiigadi ezincinci.
- Amahlathi kunye namaplanga: Umthi wayo unzima, awumelani nomswakama kunye neempembelelo, kwaye usetyenziselwa ukwenza ikhabhinethi, ukwakhiwa kweenqanawa kunye nokwenza izixhobo.
- Bonsai: iintlobo ezifana ne I-chinese elm Ziye zaba ziintandokazi zokulima ezincinci ngenxa yesebe labo elihle, amagqabi amancinci kunye nokuguquguquka okukhulu.
- Iyeza lesintu: ixolo le elm (Ulmus omncinci) isetyenziswe njenge-astringent, i-rheumatic reliever kunye neyeza kwiimeko zesikhumba, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwayo kufuneka kulawulwe ziingcali.
- Intsomi kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayoKwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, i-elm ifanekisela ukunyamezela, ixesha elide kunye nokukhuselwa. Iintsomi zaseMpuma zidibanisa nokuvela komlilo kunye nobomi bomntu.
Iimfuno zokulima kunye neemeko ezifanelekileyo ze-elm
I-elm ngumthi ngokubanzi rustic, nangona idinga iimeko ezithile ukuze iphumelele kwaye ibonise amandla ayo apheleleyo. Iimfuno zayo eziphambili zokukhula zichazwe ngezantsi:
- eLuzi: ikhetha ukukhanya kwelanga ngokupheleleyo, nangona iintlobo ezininzi zinyamezela umthunzi. Ukukhanya okunzulu kunceda ukunciphisa ubukhulu bamagqabi kwaye kukhuthaze ukuhluma okunamandla.
- temperatura: Inyamezela ingqele ephakathi kunye neqabaka kakuhle, ukuba nje ingagqithisi okanye iqhubekile. Ixesha lasebusika eliphawulweyo liyingenelo.
- UmgangathoNgokufanelekileyo, inzulu, ikhululekile, ikhutshwe kakuhle, kwaye ityebile kwizinto eziphilayo. Nangona zinyamezela udongwe kwanemihlaba ene<em>calcareous, aziwuxabisi umhlaba onamanzi okanye onetyuwa.
- Ukufuma: : ngokubanzi ayifuni ukutshiza kwamagqabi kunye nokufuma okugqithisileyo kunokukhuthaza ukubonakala kwefungi.
- Umoya: Ngenxa ye-canopy exineneyo kunye namagqabi amakhulu, ingonakaliswa yimimoya enamandla, ngakumbi kwimizekelo emincinci okanye abo bathena kakhulu.
Ukunkcenkceshela: amaxesha amaninzi kunye nobuchule bophuhliso olululo lwe-elm
El ukunkcenkceshela Lo ngomnye weyona miba ibalulekileyo yokulima ielm. Nangona iintlobo ezininzi zibonisa ukunyamezela kwembalela, i-elm ikhula kakuhle xa i-substrate ihleli kufumile kancinci, ngaphandle kokugalelwa ngamanzi.
- Ngexesha lokukhula (intwasahlobo kunye nehlobo), ukunkcenkceshela kufuneka kube rhoqo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-substrate ayize yome ngokupheleleyo. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba wongeze amaxesha ngamaxesha kwiinyanga ezishushu.
- Kwii-elms ze-potted (i-bonsai, i-specimens encinci), ukunkcenkceshela kufuneka kulawulwe ngakumbi, rhoqo ukuphepha kwamanzi angaphezulu kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kwamanzi.
- Kucetyiswa ukuba ungamanzi emva kweqabaka okanye xa kukho umngcipheko weqhwa, ukuphepha umonakalo weengcambu.
- Ukusebenzisa iinkonkxa zokunkcenkceshela ezinemingxuma emihle kunceda ukusabalalisa amanzi ngokulinganayo kwaye ngobumnene phezu kwe-substrate.
- Umgangatho wamanzi awubalulekanga kwi-elm, kodwa zikhula ngcono kumanzi aphantsi.
Ukuchumisa: iintlobo kunye namaxesha okukhula okunempilo
Umrhumi kufuneka aziqhelanise nazo zombini inqanaba lophuhliso yeelm malunga nexesha lonyaka.
- Ngethuba lesigaba sokukhula esisebenzayo (entwasahlobo nasekwindla), kuyacetyiswa ukuba uchume rhoqo, usebenzisa izichumisi ze-organic or mineral mineral.
- Kwi-bonsai, ungasitshintsha isichumiso esiqinileyo kunye nedosi encitshisiweyo yesichumisi solwelo. Ngexesha loqeqesho, sebenzisa ngeveki; kwimithi ekhulileyo, sebenzisa kancinci ukufumana amagqabi amancinci kunye ne-internodes.
- Kuphephe ukuchumisa phakathi ehlotyeni okanye ebusika, kwaye ungaze uchumise imithi esanda kutyalwa okanye enesifo.
- Xa uzama ukunciphisa ubukhulu bamagqabi, izichumisi ezityebileyo kwi-phosphorus kunye ne-potassium kune-nitrogen ziyacetyiswa.
Ukuthena, ukuxina kunye nokubumba i-elm
La ukuthena Ingundoqo kuphuhliso lwesakhiwo kunye nokuhlobisa kwe-elm, ngokukodwa kwi-bonsai okanye ukugcina impilo kunye ne-aesthetics yemizekelo kwiipaki kunye negadi.
- I-elm iphendula kakuhle kakhulu ekutheneni okunzima, nokuba ihlume kumthi omdala.
- Elona xesha lilungileyo lokuthena kusekupheleni kobusika okanye ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ngaphambi kokuba umthi uqale ukuhluma.
- Kwimizekelo emincinci okanye ephuhlisayo, ukuthena kusebenza ukucacisa isakhiwo kunye nokukhuthaza i-branching.
- Kwii-elms eziqeqeshiweyo, ukuthenwa ikakhulu kukucoca (ukuphelisa amasebe afileyo, anqamlezileyo okanye angaqondiswanga kakuhle) kunye nokugcina imilo.
- El incanyathisiwe Kubandakanya ukusika iingcebiso zamahlumela amancinci ngexesha lokukhula. Oku kulawula ubukhulu begqabi kwaye ikhuthaza ukuxinana kwamasebe.
- I-Pinching yenziwa rhoqo xa ihlumela elitsha liye lakhula phakathi kwamagqabi ama-6 kunye ne-10, ukusika ukuya kumagqabi angama-2-4 ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yesebe.
- Kwi-elms, iisuckers zihlala zihluma ukusuka kwisiseko okanye kwiingcambu; kufuneka zisuswe kwangethuba ukuphepha ukwenza buthathaka isiqu esingundoqo.
Iintambo kunye neendlela zoqeqesho zobuhle
El iintambo Isetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukubumba amasebe kunye nokuseka indlela yokukhula kwi-bonsai kunye nemizekelo emincinci:
- Elona xesha lilungileyo lokubiyela kukwindawo yokulala yasebusika okanye emva nje kokususwa kwamagqabi.
- Sebenzisa i-aluminium okanye ucingo lobhedu, uqaphele ukuba ungonakalisi ixolo. Kucetyiswa ukuba kubekwe iliso ukujiya kwamasebe ukunqanda ukuba ucingo lungaphawulwa, lususwe kwangethuba.
- Akukhuthazwa ukuba intambo igqithise kakhulu: amaxesha amaninzi, ukuthenwa okulandelelanayo kunye nokupfaniswa kwanele ukufumana imilo oyifunayo.
- Kuyacetyiswa ukuba ushiye ubuncinci iiveki ezintathu phakathi kokuthenwa kunye nokutshintshwa ukuze ugweme ukubeka umthi kuxinzelelo oluphindwe kabini.
Ukutshintshela kunye nokuhlaziya i-substrate
El ukufakelwa Kubalulekile kwiielms ezikhule kwiimbiza okanye kumhlaba ophelileyo. Ihlaziya i-substrate, iphilisa iingcambu, kwaye ivuselela amandla omthi.
- Kwimithi emincinci, kucetyiswa ukuba uhlawulwe rhoqo emva kweminyaka eyi-1-2; kwimithi yabantu abadala, yonke iminyaka emi-3-4.
- Elona xesha lilungileyo lidla ngokuba sekuqaleni kwentlakohlaza okanye emva kokususwa kwamagqabi ngokupheleleyo.
- Ngethuba lokutshintshela, iingcambu ezibolileyo ziyasuswa kwaye amasebe angaphezulu anqunywe. Ukuba ukuthenwa kweengcambu kunamandla, amagqabi kufuneka acuthwe ngokomlinganiselo.
- Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa i-substrate entsha, engenasifo kwaye ukhusele umthi ekukhanyeni kwelanga kwiiveki ezimbalwa emva kokutshintshwa.
- Imixube yebhonsai efanelekileyo ilingana neakadama, umhlaba wentaba-mlilo, kunye nomgquba, okanye iipesenti eziphezulu ze-akadama kwiintlobo ezifuna amanzi.
Ukuphindaphinda kunye nokuveliswa kwe-elm
I-elm inokuphinda iveliswe ngeendlela ezininzi, nangona iindlela zezityalo zikhethwa ukugcina iintlobo ezixhathisayo okanye ezikhangayo:
- Ukusika: ukusuka kwithenda okanye amahlumela angama-semi-woody, aqokelelwe ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kunye nobude obuncinane be-10 cm.
- Ubeko lwasemoyeni: isebenzayo ekufumaneni imizekelo enesebe elilungileyo, eliqhutywe ekuqaleni kwehlobo.
- Imbewu: kucetyiswa kancinci, kuba akuqinisekisi ukuqhubeka kofuzo okanye iimpawu zabazali.
- Uludwe: Kwezinye iintlobo, ezifana ne-Ulmus minor, kuqhelekile ukudibanisa kwi-Ulmus pumila ukuphucula ukuxhathisa izifo.
Izifo, izinambuzane kunye nokuthintela kwi-elm
I-elm lixhoba lezifo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinambuzane ezinokuthi zibeke engozini ukusinda kwayo, ukuba Igraphiosis eyona inzulu neyaziwayo.
- Igraphiosis: isifo esibangelwa ngumngundo ICeratocystis ulmi, isasazwa ngooqongqothwane bohlobo ScolytusIbangela ukuvaleka kwemithambo yegazi, ukubuna, kunye nokufa ngokukhawuleza komthi. Alukho unyango, kodwa ezinye iintlobo (ezifana ne-Ulmus pumila kunye ne-Ulmus parvifolia) zibonisa ukuxhathisa kwendalo.
- Umngundo womphunga: i-fungus echaphazela amagqabi kunye namahlumela amancinci, ewagubungela ngomgubo omhlophe. Ilawulwa ngemichiza ethile yokungunda.
- Izibilini: Ibangelwa zizinambuzane eziphuma kwintsapho yentwala, ivelisa ukudumba emagqabini. Susa amagqabi achaphazelekayo kuphawu lokuqala kwaye uphathe nge-systemic insecticide.
- Izinambuzane eziqhelekileyo: iintwala, i-red spider, whitefly, mealybug, borers kunye namangolwane.
- IChlorosis: Amagqabi atyheli ngenxa yokunqongophala kwentsimbi okanye imanganese. Lungisa ngezichumisi ezifanelekileyo.
- La ukuthintela Kubalulekile: ukugcina imithi isempilweni, yondlekile kwaye ingenaxinzelelo yeyona ndlela yokuthintela unyango oluhlaselayo lwe-phytosanitary.
Elm bonsai: ukhathalelo oluthile kunye neengcebiso
I-elm ngomnye wemithi exabiswa kakhulu kubugcisa be-bonsai, ngakumbi I-chinese elm (Ulmus parvifoliakunye I-elm yaseSiberia (ulmus pumila). Amagqabi ayo amancinci, amandla okukhula kwakhona kunye nokuchasana kwenza kube yinto efanelekileyo kubaqalayo kunye neengcali.
- Ubicación: ngokukhethekileyo ngaphandle, kwilanga eligcweleyo okanye emthunzini, ukhuselwe kubanda kakhulu ebusika. Ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga nezitayile kunye nokhathalelo, ungadibana nathi inqaku kwiintlobo zebhonsai.
- Unkcenkceshelo: Lungisa ukunkcenkceshela rhoqo ukugcina i-substrate ifumile, kodwa ingaze igalelwe amanzi. Kuphephe ukunkcenkceshela emva kweqabaka.
- Umbhalisi: Faka isicelo ngeveki ekuphuhliseni imithi, kwiidosi ezincitshisiweyo kwisampulu yabantu abadala. Ukutshintshana phakathi kwesichumiso se-organic kunye ne-mineral.
- Ukutshintshwa: yonke iminyaka eyi-1-2 kulutsha kunye ne-3-4 iminyaka kubantu abadala, kunye nokuthenwa kweengcambu okuphakathi.
- Ukuprintwa kunye nokucofa: qhuba kulo lonke ixesha lokukhula ukuze ufumane i-canopy eshinyeneyo nexineneyo.
- Ikhutshwe: ingenziwa kanye ngonyaka kwimithi ephilileyo ukukhuthaza ukuhluma kwamagqabi amancinci.
- Iingcingo: Kuphela xa kuyimfuneko, ukususa ucingo ngaphambi kokuba lushiye amanqaku. Ngobuchule boqeqesho, kukwaluncedo ukudibana nathi .
I-elm bonsai inokunyamezela izitayile ezininzi, ezona ziqhelekileyo zithe tye, umtshayelo kunye nehlathi. Kucetyiswa ukuba ugweme amaqondo obushushu angaguqukiyo kunye neendawo ezomileyo zangaphakathi.
Ngaphandle kwexabiso layo lokuhlobisa, i-elm idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwindalo. Uphahla lwayo olushinyeneyo lunika umthunzi nekhusi kwiintaka, izinambuzane, nezilwanyana ezincancisayo ezincinane, ngoxa inceda ekukhuseleni iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziyingqongileyo. Inkqubo yeengcambu inegalelo ekuphuculeni umhlaba nasekuthinteleni ukhukuliseko olugudle imilambo nakwimigxobhozo.
Ukulahleka kwe-elm groves ngenxa yesifo se-Dutch elm kuye kwaba nemiphumo emibi yendalo, ukunciphisa iindidi kunye nenani leentlobo ezinxulumene nazo. Ngesi sizathu, ukukhetha kunye nokuphindaphinda kweentlobo ezixhathisayo kunye neeclones ziphambili ekubuyiselweni kwemo engqongileyo.
IiCuriosities kunye neentsomi malunga ne-elm
Igama elithi "elm" lineengcambu zesiLatini kunye ne-Indo-European ezinxulumene nombala obomvu womthi wayo. Kwiintsomi zaseJapan naseYurophu, i-elm ithathwa njengeyandulela eminye imithi kwaye yayibalulekile kubantu bokuqala. Ngokwesithethe, iingcambu ezomileyo ze-elm zinokudala iintlantsi, zidibanise nemvelaphi yomlilo.
Kwinkcubeko eyaziwayo, i-elm inxulunyaniswa nokuphila ixesha elide, ukukhuselwa, kunye nokunyamezela xa ujongene nobunzima. Kwi-heraldry, ihlala ifunyanwa njengophawu loluntu kunye nomanyano.
Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo malunga nokukhula kunye nokukhathalela imithi ye-elm
- Liliphi ixesha elifanelekileyo lokutshintshela umthi we-elm?
Entwasahlobo, ngaphambi nje kokuhluma, okanye emva kokuchithwa komnyaka kwimeko yebhonsai. - Ndimele ndenze ntoni ukuba umthi wam we-elm ulahlekelwa ngamagqabi amaninzi?
Isenokuba ngenxa yoxinzelelo lokutshintshela, ukunkcenkceshela ngokugqithisileyo okanye ukunkcenkceshelwa ngaphantsi kwamanzi, ukuhlaselwa zizinambuzane, okanye ukungabikho kokukhanya. Hlaziya iimeko kwaye uhlengahlengise ukhathalelo ngokufanelekileyo. - Indlela yokuthintela isifo se-Dutch elm?
Iintlobo zezityalo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nezityalo, susa imizekelo yezifo, kwaye uphumeze amanyathelo othintelo ngokuchasene nezinambuzane. Ukubeka iliso kwimpilo yezityalo kwindawo. - Ingaba ielm ingakhuliswa ngaphakathi?
Nangona kunokwenzeka kwiindawo eziqaqambileyo kakhulu, iya kuhlala iphuhlisa ngcono ngaphandle, ibonakaliswe kubushushu bendalo kunye nemijikelo yokukhanya.
