Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, Ukubakho kwee-nitrate emanzini empompini kube yenye yezona ngxaki zinkulu zokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo yoluntu eSpain.Oko bekukade kubonakala ngathi yingxaki yobuchwephesha egcinelwe iingxelo ezikhethekileyo kuye kwavela phambili: oomasipala abaninzi bajongene nemiqathango, izilumkiso zokusetyenziswa kwamanzi kunye namathandabuzo malunga nokhuseleko lwamanzi afikelela emakhaya.
Into ebangele le nkxalabo yoluntu kukupapashwa kwe- imaphu esebenzisana nayo eyenziwe yiGreenpeace isebenzisa idatha esemthethweni evela kwiNkqubo yoLwazi lwaManzi okuSela yeSizwe (i-SINAC) evela kwiSebe lezeMpilo. Esi sixhobo sivumela ukujonga, umasipala ngamnye, imeko yamanzi okusela ngokunxulumene ne-nitrate, kwaye sibeka amanani acacileyo kwingxaki engasakwaziyo ukuthathwa njengengxaki eyodwa.
Umda osemthethweni okuthethwa ngawo: ukusuka kwi-50 ukuya kwi-6 mg/l ye-nitrate
Njengoko iGreenpeace ilumkisa, Umda osemthethweni wangoku we-nitrate emanzini okusela eSpain yi-50 mg/lEli lixabiso elisetyenziswa yimithetho ukumisela ukuba amanzi akhuselekile na ukuselwa. Nangona kunjalo, uphononongo lwakutshanje lweencwadi zesayensi lugqiba kwelokuba eli nqanaba alikwazi ukukhusela impilo ngokwaneleyo, ingakumbi kumhlaza we-colonectal, umhlaza oxhaphakileyo kweli lizwe.
Uluntu lwezenzululwazi ngoku lucebisa yehlisa elo xabiso liye kwi-6 mg/lOko kukuthi, ngaphantsi ngokuphindwe kasithoba kunomda wangoku. Lo mda mtsha ujolise ekunciphiseni umngcipheko onxulunyaniswa nokuvezwa ixesha elide kwi-nitrates, eziyimichiza engenambala, engenavumba, nengenancasa, kodwa enokuba nefuthe elinokwenzeka emzimbeni xa iqokelelana emanzini okusela.
Olu tshintsho lwendawo yokubhekisa alubalulekanga kangako: ibala kwakhona ngokupheleleyo imephu yomngciphekoUmasipala othobela umthetho ngokupheleleyo, kwangaxeshanye, unokuba ngaphezulu kwenqanaba elithathwa ziingcali njengelikhuselekileyo kwixesha elide. Lo ngumthombo wenkxalabo eninzi yangoku kunye nokungavisisani okubonwayo phakathi kwemithetho kunye nobungqina besayensi.
IGreenpeace igxininisa ukuba le ngxaki ayisiyomthetho kuphela, kodwa ikwayeyempilo yoluntu: hlengahlengisa imida ukuze ihambelane nolwazi lwamva nje Kungathintela amawaka eziganeko zezifo ezinxulumene noko, ingakumbi kwiindawo apho amanzi ompompo angumthombo ophambili wokufumana amanzi emihla ngemihla.
Imephu yeGreenpeace: imibala yokuqonda ingxaki ye-nitrate
Ukuze kuqondwe ubukhulu bale ngxaki, umbutho wezokusingqongileyo uye waphuhlisa imaphu esebenzisana nayo ebhekisa idatha ye-SINAC kunye neekhrayitheriya ezintsha zesayensiXa ujonga kuqala, eli lizwe linemibala eyahlukeneyo ebonisa amanqanaba eenitrate ezifunyenwe emanzini okusela omasipala ngamnye.
Uhlu olusetyenziswe yile mephu lulandelayo, lusekelwe iindawo ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-nitrate:
- Verde: oomasipala abane-6 mg/l engaphantsi komda ocetywayo luluntu lwezenzululwazi.
- Orenji: phakathi kwe-6 kunye ne-30 mg/l, uluhlu olusasemthethweni kodwa olusele luthathwa njengendawo yokubeka esweni.
- Rojo: phakathi kwe-30 kunye ne-50 mg/l, amaxabiso asengaphakathi komda osemthethweni, kodwa achongiweyo kumthetho njengenqaku elibalulekileyo eliqala kwi-30 mg/l.
- Negro: ngaphezulu kwe-50 mg/l, oko kukuthi, amanzi adlula umda osemthethweni kwaye akufuneki asetyenziswe ebantwini.
- Azuloomasipala apho i-nitrates ingalinganiswanga okanye idatha ingaxelwanga kwi-SINAC.
Ngale khowudi, imephu yenza kubonakale inyani ehlala ingaqatshelwa: Ngowama-2024, bekukho oomasipala abangama-332 apho amanzi ompompo ayengenakuselwa ngaxa lithile phakathi nonyaka kuba umda osemthethweni we-50 mg/l wawugqithiwe.Ezi ziindawo apho, xa zijika zibe mnyama, zibeka uluntu lwazo esichengeni ngoko nangoko.
Ukuba sithatha njengereferensi umda we-6 mg/l ocetyiswa yisayensi, umfanekiso ucacile nangakumbi. Kumasipala abangama-2.860, eli nqanaba lalilingana okanye lidlule ngaxesha lithile ngo-2024.Oku kubonisa i-51,17% yoomasipala baseSpain abahlalutyiweyo. Ngamanye amazwi, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha seendawo ezinedatha zibonisa amanqanaba e-nitrate angaphezulu koko iingcali zikubona kukhuselekile.
Kwangelo xesha Oomasipala abayi-1.893 babonakala benxibe umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhakaOku kuthetha ukuba ii-nitrate azilinganiswa okanye iziphumo azikabikwa. Oku kuthetha phantse ikota yetotali iyonke kwaye kuphakamisa enye inkxalabo: ukungabikho kokucaca nolwazi olucacileyo ukuze abemi bazi kakuhle ukuba yintoni ephuma kwiimpompo zabo.
Iimeko ezithile: ukusuka kwiindawo zasemaphandleni eSpain ukuya kwizixeko eziphakathi
Ungcoliseko lwe-nitrate alupheleli kuhlobo oluthile lomasipala. Ichaphazela uluntu oluncinci lwasemaphandleni kunye nezixeko eziphakathi.Nangona kunjalo, izizathu ezisisiseko zihlala zifana: uxinzelelo lwezolimo nemfuyo kumhlaba okufutshane kunye namanzi angaphantsi komhlaba.
Umzekelo, kwiphondo lase-AlmerÃa, Imephu yeGreenpeace ichaza oomasipala abaliqela apho amanzi empompi adlule khona umda osemthethweni we-50 mg/l ngo-2024.IChirivel, iLubrÃn, iViator, iiTurrillas, iPurchena kunye neHuércal-Overa ziphawulwe ngombala omnyama, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ngaxa lithile phakathi konyaka abemi bazo babengakwazi ukusela amanzi kwinethiwekhi ngokuqhelekileyo.
Ukuba i-bar yehliswe ukuya kwi-6 mg/l ecetyiswa yisayensi, Oomasipala abafana neAdra, La Mojonera, Lucainena de las Torres, Turre, Vera, Vélez-Rubio kunye neVélez-Blanco bongezwa kuluhluBonke bayaqhubeka nokuthobela imimiselo, kodwa ngoku basebenza ngaphakathi kwendawo yokubeka esweni ephakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokuba kwenzeka ntoni kwixesha eliphakathi nelide ukuba uxinano luyaqhubeka nokunyuka.
Kwenzeka into efanayo eCampo de Gibraltar, apho Iidolophu ezifana neSan Roque, iTarifa kunye neJimena de la Frontera zingaphezulu komda obekwe yisayensi, nangona zisengaphakathi komda osemthethweni.Ngokwahlukileyo, oomasipala abakufutshane njenge-Algeciras, i-La LÃnea, i-Los Barrios okanye i-Castellar bahlala bengaphantsi kwe-6 mg / l, ngelixa e-San MartÃn del Tesorillo akukho datha epapashiweyo konke konke.
Le ngxaki ayipheleli nje kwiindawo zasemaphandleni okanye kwiidolophana ezincinci. Uphando lwakutshanje malunga namanzi empompini eMataró, kunxweme lwaseCatalan, lubonisa indawo yokugcina amanzi enamanqanaba e-nitrate angama-23 mg/l kunye nokunyuka okungaphezulu kwe-6 mg/l ngonyakaNangona inkampani enikezela ngamanzi igxininisa ukuba amanzi akhuselekile ukuba asetyenziswe kwaye igxininisa ukuba umda osemthethweni we-50 mg/l awukadlulwa nangayiphi na indlela, idatha ikhomba kwinguquko, ukuba ayilungiswanga, inokubeka isixeko kumanqanaba aphezulu kakhulu kwiminyaka embalwa.
Kule meko, isitshixo sikwimvelaphi yamanzi: inxalenye yobonelelo ivela amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba abuthathaka nge-nitrateLe yimeko ephindaphindwayo kulo lonke elaseSpain. Icebo eliqhelekileyo libandakanya ukuxuba la manzi angaphantsi komhlaba namanzi avela kwiinkqubo zokubonelela nge-nitrate ephantsi, njengeTer-Llobregat eCatalonia, ukunciphisa uxinano lokugqibela. Nangona kunjalo, esi sisombululo sinemida yaso, ngakumbi kwiimeko zembalela ende, xa ukuthembela kwimithombo yasekuhlaleni kusanda.
Impilo yoluntu: kutheni i-nitrate emanzini iyinto exhalabisayo
Ingxoxo malunga nee-nitrate emanzini okusela ayisiyonto yobugcisa kuphela. Inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nemiphumo enokubakho kwimpilo xa ukuchatshazelwa kuqhubeka ixesha elide.Izifundo ezininzi zesayensi zidibanise amanqanaba aphezulu e-nitrate nomngcipheko ophezulu wezifo ezithile, kuquka umhlaza we-colorectal, omnye wemihlaza exhaphakileyo eSpain.
Nangona amanzi angaphantsi kwe-50 mg/l ye-nitrate ethathwa njengefanelekileyo ngokusemthethweni, Kukho amazwi akhulayo abuza ukuba ingaba lo mda unika ukhuseleko olwaneleyo na Oku kwahlukile kwizifo ezikhula ngokuhamba kweminyaka. Ke ngoko, uluntu lwezenzululwazi sele lubhekisa kwi-6 mg/l njengexabiso elifanelekileyo lokubhekisela ekunciphiseni iingozi, ingakumbi kumaqela asengozini.
IiNitrates zinokuguqulwa zibe zii-nitrites kunye nee-N-nitrous compounds emzimbeni, izinto ezinokubangela umhlaza. Ingxaki ayithethi nto kuba amanzi awatshintshi incasa, ivumba, okanye umbala.Ngoko ke, abemi abanandlela yokubona ukunyuka kwamanqanaba ngaphandle kokusebenzisa uhlalutyo oluthile okanye ulwazi olubonelelwa ngabalawuli.
Imibutho efana neGreenpeace igxininisa ukuba, ngaphaya kwemida esemthethweni, Kuyimfuneko ukujonga iindlela ezisetyenziswayo nokuthintela ukugxila ekuqhubekeni nokwanda.Umzekelo weMataró, apho umbane unyuka unyaka nonyaka, okanye oomasipala abaninzi abaye bafikelela kwi-50 mg/l ngokuthe chu, ubonisa ukubaluleka kokuthatha amanyathelo ngaphambi kokuba kufikelelwe kwiimeko apho amanzi angasakwazi ukuselwa.
Kwangaxeshanye, abasemagunyeni bezempilo bakhumbuza wonke umntu ukuba Idatha esemthethweni iyafumaneka, nangona kungasoloko kulula ukuyifumana.I-SINAC ngokwayo iqokelela iziphumo zamawakawaka ohlalutyo kwisiseko sedatha esikhulu, kodwa abantu abaninzi bakufumanisa kunzima ukufikelela kulwazi olucacileyo noluhlaziyiweyo malunga nomasipala wabo, nto leyo eqinisa indima yezixhobo ezifana nemephu yeGreenpeace.
Apho kuvela khona i-nitrate: ezolimo ezinzulu kunye nokulima imfuyo kwimizi-mveliso
Xa ujonge phezulu, unobangela oyintloko uvela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuzo zonke iingxelo. Ungcoliseko lwamanzi oluvela kwi-nitrate luvela ikakhulu ekusetyenzisweni kakhulu kwezichumisi ezenziweyo kwezolimo ezinzulu kunye nobuninzi benkunkuma eveliswa kulimo lwemfuyo oluvela kwiifama zemizi-mveliso kunye neefama zefektri..
Xa izichumiso zenitrogen zisetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo okanye ngendlela engafanelekanga, I-nitrogen engasetyenziswa zizityalo iphelela ihluza iye kwimithombo yamanzi okanye ithwalwe yimvula iye kwimilambo nakwiindawo zokugcina amanzi.Kukho ezinye iindlela ezifana ukufakelwa kwezityalo ukunciphisa ezo lahleko. Oku kuyasebenza nakwimanyolo kunye nodaka oluvela kwiifama zemfuyo ezifuywayo kakhulu, ezinokuthi, ukuba azilawulwa kakuhle, zigcwalise umhlaba zize zingcolise amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba.
Kwinqanaba laseYurophu, uqikelelo lubonisa ukuba Malunga ne-81% ye-nitrogen yezolimo efikelela kwiinkqubo zasemanzini ivela ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kwimfuyo.Kwimeko yaseSpain, ukukhula okunamandla kwecandelo leehagu kwiminyaka yakutshanje kubangele inani elikhulu lenkunkuma ekufuneka ilawulwe, kwaye oku akusoloko kwenziwa ngolawulo olwaneleyo; izisombululo ezifana izichumisi ezijikelezayo Bazama ukulungisa inxalenye yaloo ngxaki.
Ingxaki echazwe ngamaqela okusingqongileyo icacile: ISpain ithumela ngaphandle inxalenye enkulu kakhulu yenyama eyivelisayo, ngelixa ungcoliseko olubangelwa zezi nkqubo zinzima luhlala ngaphakathi kweli lizwe.ichaphazela amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba, imilambo, amachibi okugcina amanzi, kwaye ekugqibeleni, amanzi epompo amawaka abantu.
UMphathiswa wezoTshintsho lweNdalo kunye noMngeni woLuntu sele evumile ngokusesikweni ukuba Ungcoliseko lwe-nitrate yeyona ngxaki iphambili echaphazela amanzi eSpainUbunzulu bale meko bubonakaliswe ngakumbi ekugwetyweni kweNkundla yoBulungisa yeManyano yaseYurophu nxamnye neSpain ngokusilela ukuthobela iNitrates Directive, kuthathelwa ingqalelo amanyathelo athatyathiweyo okuthintela nokunciphisa olu ngcoliseko olusasazekayo lwemvelaphi yezolimo alwanelanga.
Izixhobo zabemi kunye nemingeni yezopolitiko yokunciphisa ungcoliseko
Kule meko, Uxinzelelo lwentlalo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwabemi kuye kwaba yinto ebalulekileyoUkongeza kwimephu esebenzisana nayo eyenziwe yiGreenpeace, iCitizen Network for Monitoring Nitrates ibisebenza ukusukela ngo-2021, iphulo eliqokelela imilinganiselo eyenziwe ngamavolontiya kunye namaqela asekuhlaleni ukuze kuncediswe idatha esemthethweni.
La manyathelo afezekisa iinjongo ezimbini: kwelinye icala, ukubonelela uluntu ngolwazi oluqondakalayo malunga nomgangatho wamanzi abawasebenzisayoKwelinye icala, ukunyanzela oorhulumente ukuba bathathe amanyathelo angakumbi kumthombo, besenza isenzo kwimikhwa yezolimo neyemfuyo ebangela ungcoliseko.
IGreenpeace, yona, ithi, Iqalise iphulo lesicelo sokufuna ukuba kupheliswe iifama zefektri kwaye kuqhutywe kwindlela yokufuya imfuyo ehlala ixesha elide nengenamanzi.Lo mbutho uqaphela ukuba sele kuqokelelwe abantu abangaphezu kwama-500.000 abasayiniweyo, nto leyo ebonisa umdla okhulayo kwikhonkco phakathi kokutya, indawo, kunye nempilo yokusingqongileyo.
Ngokwembono yobugcisa, kugxininiswa ukuba Isisombululo asikokuphucula kuphela amaziko okunyanga amanzikodwa ngokunciphisa umthwalo we-nitrate ofikelela kwimilambo nakwiindawo ezimanzi ngokusebenzisa ulawulo lokunkcenkceshela olusebenzayo ngakumbiUkusebenza kuphela ekupheleni kombhobho kunokuba neendleko ezinkulu kwaye, ngaphezu koko, akusombululi iimpembelelo zendalo emanzini.
Okwangoku, ingxoxo yezopolitiko igxile Indlela yokudibanisa ukulima kwezolimo nemfuyo kunye nokukhuselwa kwemithombo yamanziIindawo ezibhengezwe njengezisengozini ye-nitrate ziye zanda, kodwa utshintsho kwiimodeli zemveliso luhamba kancinci. Umngeni usekufumaneni ulungelelwaniso lokwenyani phakathi kwemveliso yokutya, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ingqesho yasemaphandleni, kunye nelungelo lamanzi acocekileyo nakhuselekileyo.
Ngoko ke, umfanekiso odweliswe yidatha ka-2024 uyathandeka: Amakhulu oomasipala adlule umda osemthethweni ngaxa lithile, ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sidlula umgangatho ocetyiswa yisayensi, kwaye phantse kwikota akukho lwazi lukarhulumente olufumanekayo malunga ne-nitrate.Kule meko, izixhobo zokubonisa izinto ezifana nemephu yeGreenpeace, uthungelwano lokubeka esweni abemi, kunye noxinzelelo lwentlalo ziye zaba ngamaqabane aphambili ekuqhubeni iimpendulo ezikhawulezayo nezineenjongo ezinkulu.
Oko kuboniswa zezi maphu kunye nezifundo namhlanje kukuba ingxaki ye-nitrate emanzini sele ifikile, ngakumbi eSpain, kwaye oko Okwenzekayo kwiminyaka ezayo kuya kuxhomekeka kumandla eqela okunciphisa ungcoliseko oluvela kulo, ukuhlaziya imida esemthethweni ukuze ibonise ubungqina besayensi, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu unokuvula impompo ngoxolo lwengqondo lokwazi ukuba usela ntoni..