Isikhokelo esipheleleyo seentlobo zezityalo: ulwahlulo, imizekelo, kunye nokhathalelo

Ihlabathi lezityalo likhulu kwaye linomtsalane, lizele ziimilo ezimangalisayo, ubukhulu, imibala kunye nokuqhelaniswa nemeko. Ukwazi i Iindidi zezityalo, iimpawu zayo, ukuhlelwa kunye nemizekelo ebonakalayo, ibalulekile kwi yenza i-oasis eluhlaza ekhayeni lakho okanye baqonde ifuthe layo kwi-ikhosistim yeplanethi. Kweli nqaku sibonisa a isikhokelo esibanzi nesineenkcukacha kwiintlobo zezityalo, zihlelwa njani, zeziphi iintlobo ezilungele ukusetyenziswa kwangaphakathi, ngaphandle, kunye negadi, kwaye sikunika ulwazi olusebenzayo lokuchonga nokunyamekela izityalo zakho ozithandayo.

Zahlulwa njani izityalo?

Inzululwazi enoxanduva lokufunda nokwahlulahlula izityalo izityalo, kwaye kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucwangcisa ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezityalo. Apha ngezantsi, sichaza olona hlelo luxhaphakileyo lusetyenziswayo, zonke ezizizo zombini iinjongo zenzululwazi kunye nezokulima.

• Ngokwesakhiwo sayo sangaphakathi:
  • Izityalo zeVascular (tracheophytes): zinezicubu ezikhethekileyo zokuthutha amanzi kunye nezondlo (xylem kunye ne-phloem); ezi ziquka imithi, amatyholo, imifuno, iiferns, nokunye.
  • Izityalo ezingenayo i-vascular (bryophytes): Azinazo ezi zicubu, ngoko ke zifunxa amanzi kunye nezondlo ngqo kwindawo engqongileyo. Imizekelo: ubulembu, i-liverworts, kunye ne-hornworts.
• Ngokukhula kwayo:
  • Imithi: izityalo ezihlala ixesha elide ezineziqu zemithi eziphuhlisa isithsaba esinamasebe.
  • Iingca: encinci, eneziqu ezininzi ukusuka kwisiseko, nayo inomthi.
  • I-Hierbas: izikhondo ezithambileyo, ezingenamithi, umjikelo wobomi obufutshane okanye obude.
  • Abakhweli: Zikhula ngokungqiyama kwezinye iindawo ukuze zifikelele ekukhanyeni.
  • Ingca kunye neengca: Zigubungela umhlaba kwaye zibonakaliswe ngobude babo obuphantsi.
• Ngendlela yayo yokuvelisa:
  • Ii-Angiosperms: izityalo ezineentyatyambo kunye neziqhamo ezikhusela imbewu.
  • Iigymnosperms: Zinembewu ze, ngokuqhelekileyo kwiicones, ngaphandle kweentyatyambo okanye iziqhamo. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo: ipayini.
  • IiCryptogams: Abavelisi imbewu, kodwa i-spores (i-mosses, i-ferns, i-liverworts).
• Ngokwesakhiwo samagqabi awo:
  • Iimonocots: Zinegqabi elinye leembryonic (cotyledon) kunye nemithambo ehambelanayo.
  • Iidikethi: Banee-cotyledons ezimbini kunye ne-branched veins.
• Ngenxa yokuziqhelanisa nokusingqongileyo:
  • I-Xerophytes: ziqhelaniswe nendawo ezomileyo okanye zasentlango.
  • IiHydrophyte: Bahlala emanzini okanye kwiindawo ezizaliswe ngamanzi.
  • IiHalophyte: ukumelana nemihlaba enetyuwa.
  • IiTropophytes: ziqhelaniswe nemekobume ephawulweyo ngamaxesha emvula.
• Ngomjikelo wobomi bayo:
  • Qho ngonyaka: Ziyantshula, zityatyamba kwaye zife ngexesha elinye lonyaka.
  • Iminyaka emibini: Bagqiba umjikelo wabo wobomi kwiminyaka emibini.
  • IiPerennials: Zihlala iminyaka emininzi, zinokudubula kwaye zithwale iziqhamo ngokuphindaphindiweyo.

Ukuhlelwa okusisiseko kweentlobo zezityalo eziphambili

Ulwahlulo oluqhelekileyo lwezityalo luqaphela amaqela amakhulu, ngalinye linayo iimpawu kunye nemizekelo eququzelela ukuchongwa kwabo:

• Imithi: Ubungangamsha, umqondiso wobomi obude kunye nokuzinza, iziqu zabo zinokufikelela kubukhulu obukhulu kwaye izithsaba zazo ziphuma ziye kwindawo ephakamileyo. Imizekelo engumfuziselo: ahuehuete (Taxodium mucronatum), redwood, umnquma, oki.
• Iingca: Mfutshane kunemithi, zihlala zineziqu ezininzi kwaye zenze iheji, imida, kunye neendawo ezibonakalayo kwiipaki kunye negadi. Umzekelo: murtilla.
• I-Hierbas: Umjikelo omfutshane, iziqu eziguquguqukayo nezithambileyo, rhoqo ngonyaka. Zisisiseko samadlelo engca, ezolimo, nokutya kwezilwanyana. Umzekelo: i-mint, i-basil, ingca.
• Abakhweli okanye abarhubuluzayo: I-Lianas, iidiliya, izityalo ezikhula ngokuthe nkqo, zixhaswa zezinye izityalo okanye izakhiwo, ezineziqu ezigobileyo okanye ezibambelelayo. Umzekelo: passion fruit, jasmine, ivy.
• Ingca kunye neengca: Izityalo zengca ezigubungela iindawo ezinkulu, eziyimfuneko kwimfuyo kunye nokuzinza komhlaba.
• Iisucculents: Izityalo ezikwaziyo ukugcina amanzi kumagqabi, iziqu okanye iingcambu. Umzekelo: ikhala, echeveria.
• Cactus: Ukwahluka kweesucculents, eziqhelaniswe nemozulu eyomileyo.
• Izityalo zasemanzini: Zihlala zintywiliselwe ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye. Umzekelo: ilotus, inyibiba yamanzi.
• IiEpiphytes: Zihlala kwezinye izityalo ngaphandle kokuzifunxa, zifunxa ukufuma emoyeni. Umzekelo: iiorchids, bromeliads.
• Izityalo ezitya inyama okanye ezinambuzane: Babamba kwaye betyise izinambuzane emagqabini abo okanye kwizakhiwo ezikhethekileyo, njenge Venus ifltrtrap, Nepenthes y NgeCaweUnokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokukhathalela kwabo inqaku lethu malunga nezityalo ezidliwayo.
• I-Mosses kunye ne-liverworts: Izityalo ezincinci, ezisuka kwiindawo ezifumileyo, ngaphandle kweenqanawa zokuqhuba ngokwenene, zivelisa nge-spores kwaye zigqume umhlaba, amatye kunye neziqu.
• IiFern: Izityalo ngaphandle kweentyatyambo, kunye namaqabunga, ziphindaphindeka nge-spores.

Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zeentlobo zezityalo

Ukongeza kwi iimpawu zesakhiwo, uhlobo ngalunye lwesityalo lunolungelelwaniso olulodwa kunye neendima zendalo:

• Imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yendalo: Imithi namatyholo lawula imozulu yendawo, zilungisa umhlaba zize zibe yindawo yokuhlala izigidi zeentlobo zezilwanyana. Ingca yondla imfuyo kunye nezilwanyana zasendle, ngelixa ubulembu gcina ukufuma y ukuvelisa ioksijini kwiindawo ezinomthunzi. Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe ngebhayoloji yayo, bona inqaku lethu lokuhlela izityalo.
• Uhlengahlengiso olumangalisayo: I-Succulents kunye ne-cacti zinezicubu ezikhethekileyo ezigcina amanzi, izityalo zasemanzini ziphuhlisa amagqabi angenakunyakaziswa, kwaye izityalo ezitya inyama ziye zavelisa iindlela zokuhlawulela umhlaba ongenazo izondlo.
• Ukubaluleka kwezolimo kunye nokuhombisa: Amachiza amaninzi kunye namatyholo kubalulekile ekutyeni abantu (ingqolowa, irayisi, umbona, iilentile) nezinye, njengemithi yeziqhamo, zenza ubuncwane obubalulekileyo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlukahluka kweemilo, imibala kunye neziqholo zenza izityalo izinto zokuhombisa ezingenakubuyiselwa.

Imizekelo yeentlobo zezityalo kunye neentlobo ezibonakalisiweyo

• Imithi:
  • Isequoia enkulu: inokugqithisa i-100 leemitha ubude.
  • Ahuehuete: Umthi womqondiso waseMexico, uhlala ixesha elide kwaye umkhulu.
  • Umnquma: elinywa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo ngenxa yeziqhamo zayo kunye neoli, uphawu loxolo.
• Iingca:
  • I-lavender: ixatyiswe ngevumba layo kunye neentyatyambo eziviolet.
  • Murtilla: Isihlahla saseMzantsi Melika esineziqhamo ezityiwayo kunye neentyatyambo ezicekethekileyo ezimhlophe.
  • Irosemari: isetyenziselwa ukutya kweMeditera kunye negadi yokuhombisa.
• I-Hierbas:
  • I-Basil: kubalulekile ekhitshini kwaye igqwesileyo kwizinto zangaphakathi eziqaqambileyo.
  • Mint: kulula ukukhula kwaye ikhule ngokukhawuleza, ilungile kwiimbiza.
• I-Succulents kunye ne-cacti:
  • Echeveria elegans: Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi "alabaster rose".
  • Ialoe vera: isityalo sonyango esinamagqabi anenyama.
• Ukunyuka kwezityalo:
  • Luffa cylindrica: "isipontshi semifuno", ukukhula ngokukhawuleza.
  • Passionflower: ivelisa iziqhamo zothando olungaqhelekanga kunye neentyatyambo ezihombisayo.
• IiFern:
  • I-Nephrolepis exaltata: ngokuqhelekileyo ibizwa ngokuba yi "sword fern."
• Mosses:
  • I-Bryum argenteum: eyaziwa ngokuba yisilivere moss.
• Izityalo ezitya inyama:
  • Venus flytrap: inambuzane, edume ngemigibe emile okwemihlathi.
  • Nepenthes: "isityalo somphanda", sibamba izinambuzane kwimingxuma yayo.
  • Drosera: "umbethe welanga", kunye neenwele ezincangathi emagqabini awo.

Ukuhlelwa okusebenzayo: izityalo ngokobukhulu, ukuzala kunye nobude bexesha

Kukho ezinye iindlela ezisebenzayo ezisetyenziswa egadini nakwibhotani esisiseko:

• Ngobukhulu: Imithi (emikhulu), izihlahla (eziphakathi), amatyholo (amancinci amancinci), imifuno kunye nengca (ephantsi kwaye iguquguqukayo).
• Ukuveliswa kwayo: Ingaba zineentyantyambo kunye nembewu (i-phanerogams: i-angiosperms kunye ne-gymnosperms) okanye ingaba zivelisa nge-spores (cryptogams: ferns, mosses, liverworts).
• Ngexesha layo: Izityalo zonyaka (zifa emva komjikelezo wazo wokuqala weentyantyambo kunye neziqhamo), iminyaka emibini (ziphila iminyaka emibini) kunye ne-perennials (ziphila ngaphezu kweminyaka emibini).

Izityalo zeVascular kunye ne-non-vascular

• Imithambo: Iiferns, i-gymnosperms (iipines, i-cypresses, i-firs) kunye ne-angiosperms (uninzi lwezityalo esizibona rhoqo: imithi ye-apula, i-roses, utamatisi, ingca, ingqolowa).
• Ayinamithambo: Kuxhomekeke kwindawo ezifumileyo, ezimfutshane ngobude, kwaye azinantyatyambo. Imizekelo: ubulembu kunye neenkumbi zesibindi.

Izityalo zangaphakathi nangaphandle: zeziphi onokuzikhetha?

Xa ukhetha izityalo zeendawo zangaphakathi okanye zangaphandle kubalulekile ukuqwalaselwa ukukhanya, ukufuma, ubushushu kunye nendawo ekhoyoAyizizo zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana ezikhula ngokulinganayo ngaphakathi, kwaye zonke azikwazi ukumelana nemozulu.

• Ngaphakathi kwezityalo: Bakhetha ukukhanya okungathanga ngqo okanye okuphakathi, okukhuselweyo emoyeni kunye nokutshintsha kweqondo lokushisa ngokukhawuleza. Umzekelo: Iintyatyambo, i-ficus, i-calatheas, i-orchids, i-aloe vera, i-kalanchoe, i-ferns, i-succulents.
• Izityalo zangaphandle: Ziyakwazi ukumelana nelanga elithe ngqo, umoya, namaqondo obushushu aguquguqukayo kakuhle. Umzekelo: roses, lavender, bougainvillea, ivy, daisy, cypress, honeysuckle.

Iingcebiso: Las imifuno enamakha Izityalo ezifana ne-basil kunye ne-parsley zinokukhula ngokulula ngaphakathi kwindlu ecaleni kwefestile eqaqambileyo, ngelixa izihlahla kunye nemithi kufuneka zigcinwe ngaphandle okanye kwiindawo ezinkulu.

Ziziphi izityalo onokukhula ekhaya: iinketho ezithandwayo kunye neengcebiso

• I-Hierbas: Kulula, ngokukhawuleza, kwaye luncedo (i-basil, i-mint, i-parsley, i-chives, i-cilantro). Bafuna ukukhanya kunye nokuqhelekileyo, kodwa kungekhona kakhulu, ukunkcenkceshela. Kubalulekile ukugcina i-mint ebhodweni ukuyithintela ekuthatheni indawo yonke.
• Izihlahla ezinevumba elimnandi: Ilavenda kunye nerosemary ziqinile, zinevumba elimnandi, kwaye zibonelela ngobuhle bendalo kunye nevumba elimnandi. Zifuna kuphela ukukhanya kwelanga kunye nokukhupha amanzi.
• Bonsai: Imithi emincinci, iimpawu zomonde kunye nokuzinikela. Ukhathalelo lwabo lufuna ukuthenwa rhoqo, ukunkcenkceshelwa, kunye nokufaka iingcingo, kodwa banika ulwaneliseko olukhulu lobuhle.
• Iisucculents: Ifanele abo balibale ngamanzi, bafuna amanzi amancinci kwaye baphumelele kwiimbiza ezincinci. Ikhala lilungele ukusetyenziswa kwayo kumayeza amaninzi.
• IiOrchid: Zidume ngeentyatyambo zazo ezintle nezihlala ixesha elide, zifuna ukukhanya okungathanga ngqo, ukufuma ngaphandle kokugcwala kwamanzi, kunye namaqondo obushushu ashushu.
• I-cacti encinci: Efanelekileyo kwiidesika kunye neeshelufu, zimelana nokunkcenkceshela okulibala kwaye zikhangele amehlo.

IiOrchid kunye nezinye i-succulents zixatyiswa kakhulu njenge izityalo eziqokelelwayo kwaye zifuna ukhathalelo olukhethekileyo olunje nge-aerated substrate kunye neembiza ezikhupha amanzi kakuhle. Ukuze ufumane iingcebiso ezineenkcukacha, ndwendwela inqaku lethu malunga nezityalo ezinevumba elimnandi.

Izityalo ezikhethekileyo: i-carnivorous, i-epiphytic kunye nezinye izinto ezinqabileyo

Ezinye izityalo ziye zavela amaqhinga akhethekileyo okusinda: Ungafumana ulwazi oluthe vetshe apha Inqaku lethu malunga neentlobo zezityalo ezidliwayo.

• Izityalo ezitya inyama: Benza imigibe yokubamba izinambuzane, nto leyo evumela ukuba ziphile kakuhle kumhlaba ongenanitrogen. Umzekelo: Venus ifltrtrap, Nepenthes, NgeCawe.
• IiEpiphytes: Zihlala kwezinye izityalo, zifumana ukufuma kunye nezondlo ezivela emoyeni. Aziyiyo i-parasitic, njengoko zingakhuphi izixhobo ngokuthe ngqo kumamkeli. I-Orchids kunye ne-bromeliads zezona zaziwa kakhulu.
• Izityalo zasemanzini: Ziyadada okanye zintywiliselwe, ziyimfuneko kwizitiya zamanzi kunye namachibi.

Umzekelo wezityalo eziluncedo, ezihombisayo nezinokutyiwa

• Ukutya: Itumato, i-lettuce, isipinatshi, imango, iapile, ilamuni.
• Iimpawu: Croton, bonsai, caladium, petunia.
• Amayeza: I-Chamomile, i-aloe vera, i-lavender, i-sage.
• Ivumba: I-oregano, i-thyme, i-mint, i-lavender.

Izityalo ngokwendawo yazo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo

Izityalo ziyakwazi ukuziqhelanisa nazo iindawo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu, enkosi kwizigidi zeminyaka yendaleko:

• Ehlabathini: Uninzi luqhelene nomhlaba oqinileyo, ukusuka emahlathini ukuya kwintlango.
• Amanzi: Bahlala emachibini, emilanjeni, emachibini okanye kumasimi erayisi.
• Izityalo ezinomthunzi: Ifanele izithuba ezinokukhanya okulinganiselweyo; ilungele izinto zangaphakathi okanye iigadi ezinomthunzi.
• Izityalo zelanga ezigcweleyo: Zimelana nokuchaswa ngokuqhubekayo kukukhanya kwelanga; ilungele iitesi kunye neegadi ezivulekileyo.

Iikhrayitheriya zezeNzululwazi zokuhlela ngakumbi

En izityalo, ulwahlulo lwetaxonomic yezityalo lulandela indlela echaneke kakhulu yenzululwazi:

• Ukwahlula kwii-embryophytes: Idibanisa zonke izityalo ezisemhlabeni ngokuziqhelanisa nokusingqongileyo ngaphandle kwamanzi (iziqu, iingcambu, amagqabi, i-cuticle, izicubu eziqhubayo). Unokufunda ngakumbi kwi.
• I-Phylogeny kunye ne-evolution: Uphonononga ubudlelwane bendaleko, ukwahlula izityalo ngokwamaqela ngokomthi wosapho lwazo.

Iingcebiso zokukhetha kunye nokukhathalela izityalo zakho

• Hlalutya ukukhanya kunye nokufuma kwendawo yakho: Musa ukuthenga izityalo ngamabona-ndenzile; qala uchonge okusingqongileyo onokubonelela.
• Phanda nge substrate kunye ne drainage: Uhlobo ngalunye lunokhetho lwalo. Kwizityalo ezinencindi, umzekelo, khangela Unonophelo oluthile.
• Waphephe amanzi amaninzi: Sesona sizathu sixhaphakileyo sokufa ngaphakathi. Nkcenkceshela kuphela xa i-substrate yomile.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Amagqabi amile okwenaliti kunye nezityalo ezinazo: Iimpawu, iindidi kunye nemizekelo

Iintlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo emhlabeni azinasiphelo, kwaye ngasinye sinokuzisa ubuhle, impilo, ioksijini, kunye nokutya kwikhaya lakho okanye igadi. Ukufunda ukuqaphela kunye nokukhathalela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo kuvula umnyango wokulima, i-ecology, kunye nokwaneliseka kokubona ubomi obuluhlaza buchuma ngeenxa zonke kuwe. Ingaba uqala ngemifuno ye-culinary, i-succulents, okanye ufuna iintlobo ezinqabileyo, kuya kuhlala kukho uhlobo lwesityalo esilungele indawo yakho kunye neemfuno, ezilungele ukunika izibonelelo zayo ezininzi. Qalisa kwi-adventure yokufunda kunye nokukhulisa izityalo, kwaye ufumanise ukuba uhlobo ngalunye lunokuguqula njani okusingqongileyo kunye nobomi bakho bemihla ngemihla.