Los Cactus Ziyenye yezona ntsapho zinika umdla nezikhethekileyo zezityalo kwihlabathi lezityalo. Ukuguquguquka kwabo, ukomelela, kwaye ngakumbi ubuhle obumangalisayo beentyatyambo zabo bubabeke njengababambeli kwigadi kunye nesayensi yezityalo. Nangona zihlala zinxulunyaniswa ngokuyintloko nemimandla yasentlango, i-cacti ifihla Iimpawu ezizodwa ezibavumela ukuba baphile kwaye bachume kwezona ndawo zinzima kakhulu. Funda nzulu malunga neempawu, ukhathalelo, iyantlukwano, ii-typologies, kunye nokunye okuninzi malunga ne-cacti kunye neentyatyambo zazo, ukusuka kwimbali yazo kunye ne-taxonomy ukuya kwezona zinto zisebenzayo zokuzikhulisa ekhaya okanye egadini.
Imvelaphi, imbali kunye ne-taxonomy ye-cacti
Usapho ICactaceae, eyaziwa njenge-cactus okanye i-cacti, inemvelaphi yayo America, kwaye imelwe yintlobo-ntlobo yeentlobo ngeentlobo zezidalwa ezilungelelaniswe kwiindawo zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwintlango eyomileyo ukuya kumahlathi ashinyeneyo. Nangona uninzi luxhaphakile kwilizwekazi laseMelika, kukho izinto ezingafaniyo, ezinje I-Rhipsalis baccifera, efumaneka eAfrika, eMadagascar naseSri Lanka, isasazeka kwimimandla engaphandle kweMerika ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, njengokuthuthwa kweentaka ezifudukayo okanye imisebenzi yabantu.
Olu sapho lungaqhelekanga lwavela emva kweenkqubo ezinde zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezivumela amalungu ayo ukuba aziqhelanise nemekobume enemithombo yamanzi elinganiselweyo. Inyaniso, cacti Zithathwa njengelinye lawona maqela amadala kwaye axhathisayo ezityalo, ezikwaziyo ukusinda kwiimeko ezinzima ngenxa yazo imorphology emnandi kunye nezakhiwo ezikhethekileyo ezifana ne areola, apho kuphuma ameva neentyatyambo. Okwangoku, kukho ngaphezu Iindidi ezingama-2.500 ichazwe kwaye ikufutshane ne Iindidi ezingama-153, yahlulwe yaba ziintsapho ezine eziphambili: Pereskioideae (namagqabi aphuhliswe kakuhle), Opuntioideae (amapere okanye i-nopales), Maihuenioideae (iintlobo ezithintelweyo ngokwejografi) kunye ICactoideae (eyona inkulu kwaye yahluka kakhulu).
I-Cacti ibe ngumxholo we ukulima kunye nokufunda ngexabiso layo lokuhombisa, isondlo, kunye nendalo. Ukuchasana noxinzelelo lwamanzi, ngenxa yokulungelelaniswa okufana ne-CAM metabolism yokutshintshiselana kwegesi ebusuku, kuye kwaphefumlela uphando oluninzi kwi ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwamanzi kunye ifotosinthesis.
Yintoni i-cacti kwaye zeziphi iimpawu zabo eziphambili?
Los Cactus zezobukumkani bePlantae, ngaphakathi kosapho lweCactaceae. Zizityalo eziye zavela ukuze zigcine amanzi kwaye zimelane namaxesha amade embalela, nto leyo ezivumela ukuba ziphile kwindawo eyomileyo neyomileyo. Phakathi kwe ezona mpawu Phakathi kwe-cacti kukho:
- Iingcambu eziphezulu kunye nezibanzi: zivumela ukuba zibambe ngokukhawuleza ukufuma komhlaba emva kwemvula.
- Iziqu ezinencindi: Zityebile kwaye zinenyama, zisebenza njengemithombo yamanzi kunye nezondlo; ziluhlaza kunye nephotosynthetic.
- Ameva: ziphuhliswe endaweni yamagqabi, zinika umsebenzi ombini: ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwamanzi kunye nokukhusela kwizilwanyana ezidliwayo.
- Areola: izakhiwo ezikhethekileyo apho zombini ameva kunye neentyatyambo ezintsha kunye namahlumela avela.
- I-Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM): Utshintshiselwano lwerhasi yasebusuku ukunciphisa ilahleko yamanzi.
- Iintyatyambo ezimangalisayo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo: Zihlala zodwa kunye ne-hermaphroditic, zinemibala eqaqambileyo kunye neyothusayo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zinkulu ngobukhulu xa kuthelekiswa nesityalo esizixhasayo.
El isiqu I-Cacti inokuthatha kwiifom ezahlukeneyo ze-morphological, ezibangela ukuhlelwa okusisiseko ngokusekelwe kubukhulu bayo:
- ikladode: isiqu esicaba njengakwi-nopales.
- Ikholamar: isiqu esisilinda, njengakwisaguaros.
- Iglobose: Isiqu esingqukuva, njengakwibiznagas kunye ne mammillarias.
Ezinye iintlobo zine-spineless, ngakumbi xa ziye zalinywa kwaye zikhethwa kule njongo, njenge I-Opuntia ficus-indica, ngaloo ndlela iluncedo ngakumbi njengokutya kwemfuyo okanye kwigastronomy.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zendalo ze-cacti
El inkqubo yokuvela kwe-cacti iye yavumela ukusasazwa kunye nokuqhelaniswa nemimandla eyahlukeneyo yeplanethi, nangona uluhlu lwazo lwangaphambili lulinganiselwe phantse kwilizwekazi laseMelika. Ngokudibana kwemvelo, uninzi lwe-cacti lufumene ukufana kwe-morphological kunye nezinye ii-succulents ezingahambelaniyo, ezihlala zikhokelela ekubhidekeni ekuchongeni iintlobo. Nangona kunjalo, areola Isaqhubeka iluphawu olwahlukileyo lokugqwesa kosapho lweCactaceae.
Ukwahlukana kwe-cacti kukuba sinokuzifumana ukusuka kwinqanaba lolwandle ukuya kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zeentaba, kwiintlango, kumathafa aselunxwemeni, emahlathini nakwimimandla ye-epiphytic (ekhula emithini). Kwiindawo ezomileyo, ukusinda kwabo kuxhomekeke ngakumbi ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwe ukuqokelelwa nokugcinwa kwamanzi, ngelixa kwiindawo ezifumileyo kunye nomthunzi, njengoko kwenzeka kwiintlobo ze-epiphytic, ziye zaguquka ukulungelelaniswa ukuze zithathe ithuba lokufuma kunye nokukhanya okuhluziweyo ukusuka kwi-undergrowth.
Indlela yokuchonga i-cactus: i-morphology kunye ne-physiology
Ukuchonga i-cactus kudlulela ngaphaya kokujonga ama-spines abukhali. Kukho izinto eziphambili ezikunceda ukuba uqaphele enye:
- Areola (iipads ezincinci okanye ii-nuclei apho i-spines kunye neentyatyambo zivela) zikhethekileyo kwi-cacti.
- Iziqu ze-photosynthetic endaweni yamagqabi, adla ngokuqatywa ngewax ukuze athintele ukujika abe ngumphunga.
- Iingcambu ezibanzi kodwa ezingaphezulu ezithatha ithuba elisezantsi lokufuma kwe-ambient.
- Iintyatyambo ezintle ezithi, kwiintlobo ezininzi, zivele emva kweminyaka eliqela yobomi.
Inyaniso ephawulekayo kukuba enye i-cacti iphuhlisa kuphela ukuqhakaza kwayo kokuqala emva kokufikelela kwiminyaka yobudala okanye ukudlula ubungakanani obuthile, obunokuthatha amashumi eminyaka kwiintlobo ezinkulu ezifana ne-saguaros.
Iintyatyambo zeCactus: iimpawu kunye nezinto ezikhethekileyo
Los intyatyambo yecactus phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, kunye nabo flores Zikhuphisana naso nasiphi na esinye isityalo ngobukhulu, ukumila nombala. Iimpawu eziphawulekayo zeentyatyambo ze-cactus zezi:
- Iintyatyambo zihlala zinkulu, zodwa kunye ne-hermaphrodite., kunye nesakhiwo esijikelezayo kunye nenani eliguquguqukayo leepetali kunye ne-sepals (i-tepals).
- Bahlala benemibala eqaqambileyo ukusuka kumhlophe ukuya kupinki, tyheli, orenji, obomvu okanye omfusa, kwaye zixatyiswa kakhulu kwigadi yokuhombisa.
- Ubomi babo budla ngokuba bufutshane, enokuhlala kwiiyure ezimbalwa ukuya kwiintsuku ezininzi.
- Uninzi lwe-cacti luyaqhakaza entwasahlobo okanye ehlotyeni., nangona kukho iintlobo ezenza oko ebusuku (iintyatyambo zasebusuku) ukutsala i-pollinators ezithile, njengamalulwane okanye amanundu.
- I-ovary yeentyatyambo ingaphantsi kwaye isiqhamo sininzi i-baciform. (ifana nequnube).
Ezinye iintlobo, ezifana mammillaria y Coryphanta, ukuvelisa izithsaba ezinomdla zeentyatyambo ezincinci, ngelixa ezinye ezifana Aporocactus bonisa iintyatyambo ezimibalabala, ezityhubhu kwizikhondo ezijingayo. Abanye, njenge inkwenkwezi yecactus (I-Astrophytum ornatum), zibonakaliswa ngeentyantyambo ezidibeneyo kwii-shades ezivela eluhlaza ukuya kwi-yellow yellow, ezenza isibheno esikhethekileyo esibonakalayo.
Iintlobo zecacti: usapho olukhulu
- Icactus enesiqu esicaba (cladode): Njenge ipere, ezineziqu ezisicaba, ezimile okwerakethi.
- Ikholomu cacti: Njenge isaguaro, enokukhula ngokuthe nkqo ukuya kwiimitha ezininzi.
- I-Globose cacti: Njenge echinocactus (isihlalo sikamamazala) okanye wengelo, zineziqu ezingqukuva, ezixineneyo, ezidla ngokugqunywa ngemiqolo emifutshane okanye enoboya.
Phakathi icactus ngeentyatyambo Ezona zixatyisiweyo ngobuhle bazo kunye nokulula ukulima zezi:
- i-fraileana mammillaria: inzalelwane yaseMexico, imile okwecylindrical, umbala obomvu-mfusa kunye neentyatyambo ezipinki ezimilise intsimbi.
- I-Astrophytum ornatum (inkanyezi yecactus): Ibalaselisa iimbambo zayo ezithe tye okanye ezingqukuva kunye neentyatyambo ezityheli ezibukhali.
- Coryphanta: incinci, ingqukuva, ivelisa iintyatyambo ezinemibala eyahlukeneyo kunye nexesha elifutshane.
- Aporocactus: eneziqu ezinde ezijingayo, ezineentyantyambo ezibomvu okanye ezipinki ezimangalisayo.
Mingaphi iminyaka ethatha ukuba i-cacti idubule?
La ukudubula kwe-cacti Kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana neentlobo, iimeko zokusingqongileyo, kunye neminyaka yesityalo. Ezinye iintlobo zinokutyatyamba emva kweminyaka emi-2 okanye emi-3, ngakumbi ezo zincinci zikhule phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, ngelixa kwi-columnar okanye iintlobo ezinkulu, le nkqubo inokuthatha iminyaka engaphezu kwama-50 kwaye yenzeka kuphela xa isityalo sifikelele kubude okanye ukukhula okuthile.
Emva kweentyantyambo zokuqala, iintlobo ezininzi zibonisa imijikelezo yeentyantyambo zonyaka, ziphinda umboniso kwixesha ngalinye. Umonde ubalulekile, naphantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, ayizizo zonke izityalo eziya kuqhakaza minyaka le.
Ukhathalelo olubalulekileyo lwe-cactus
I-Cacti izuze udumo ngokufanelekileyo izityalo zokunyamekela lula, kodwa ukugcina impilo kunye nobuhle bayo kubalulekile ukwazi iimfuno zayo ezisisiseko:
Ukukhanya kunye nobushushu
Uninzi lwecacti luyayinyamezela ilanga ngqo, kodwa ezinye, ngakumbi ii-epiphytes kunye neentlobo ezincinci, zifuna umthunzi okanye ukukhanya okusasazekayo. Ukuba sesichengeni sokukhanya kwelanga kunokubangela ukutshiswa lilanga, ngakumbi ngezona yure zishushu.
Amaqondo obushushu afanelekileyo Iyahluka ngokweentlobo, kodwa kuyacetyiswa ngokubanzi ukunqanda ubushushu obungaphantsi kwe-7-10°C ebusika. I-epiphytic cacti ayinyamezeli kakhulu ukubanda kwaye ikhetha ukufudumala, iindawo ezikhuselekileyo.
Unkcenkceshelo
El ukunkcenkceshela i-cacti Yinkalo ebalulekileyo. Iimpazamo zokunkcenkceshela zezona zibangela iingxaki:
- Ngentwasahlobo, xa umsebenzi wezityalo uqala, amanzi rhoqo ngeentsuku ezili-10-12; ukwandisa amaxesha ehlobo ukuya kuzo zonke iintsuku ezi-4-8 ngokuxhomekeke kwimozulu kunye nokuvezwa.
- Ekwindla, nciphisa i-frequency ukuya kuzo zonke iintsuku ezi-8-10, kwaye ngexesha lasebusika, yibeke nangaphezulu (rhoqo ngeentsuku ezingama-20-40).
- Njalo vumela i-substrate yome ngokupheleleyo phakathi kokunkcenkceshela. Kuphephe ukugcwala kwamanzi.
- Musa ukunkcenkceshela kumaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-10ºC (umngcipheko wokubola).
- Los cactus yangaphakathi Zifuna ukunkcenkceshelwa okuncinci, kodwa musa ukuvumela i-substrate yome ngokupheleleyo kwiindawo ezishushu.
Umqolo kunye nomgquba
El umhlaba ofanelekileyo kuba i-cacti kufuneka ibonelele ngokugqwesileyo inkqubo yogutyuloSebenzisa imixube ethile yecactus, okanye indibaniselwano yomhlaba wonke, isanti erhabaxa, kunye neperlite. Gcoba ngexesha lokukhula kunye nezichumisi eziphantsi kwe-nitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus ephezulu kunye ne-potassium.
Ukutshintshwa
Ukubuyiswa kwakhona kuyimfuneko rhoqo emva kweminyaka emi-2-3 okanye xa i-cactus igcwalise isikhongozeli sayo sonke. Sebenzisa iiglavu ezishinyeneyo okanye iphephandaba ukuphepha ukonakalisa ameva kwaye uphephe ukonakalisa iingcambu. Ukuba iingcambu zonakele, zifefe ngelahle kwaye ungankcenkceshele malunga neentsuku ezilishumi.
Ukufuma
Ngelixa i-cacti inyamezela indawo ezomileyo, ezinye iintlobo, ngakumbi ii-epiphytes, ziyayixabisa indawo efumileyo. Kwiindawo zangaphakathi ezishushu, amanzi ngamanye amaxesha ukukhusela i-substrate ukuba yome ngokupheleleyo.
Izinambuzane, izifo, kunye neengxaki eziqhelekileyo kwi-cacti
Los iintshaba ze-cacti faka:
- Ukunkcenkceshela kakhulu: kubangela ukungunda kunye nokubola kweengcambu.
- Ukungabikho kokukhanya: ibangela ukuba i-cacti yolule (incinci) kwaye ilahlekelwe yimilo yabo edibeneyo.
- Izinambuzane: I-Mealybugs, amangolwane kunye neentwala zinokuhlasela i-cacti, ngakumbi kwindawo ezivalekileyo nefumileyo.
- Amaqhuma okanye amanxeba: veza izityalo kusulelo lomngundo.
- ukunqongophala kwezondlo: ibonakaliswe ekukhuleni okucothayo, ukulahleka kombala okanye ukungabikho kweentyatyambo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-cacti: ukuhombisa, ukutyiwa kunye nendalo
Ukongeza kwixabiso labo lokuhombisa elixatyisiweyo, i ICacti ineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa:
- Ukutya: iintlobo ezithile ezifana I-Opuntia ficus-indica velisa Iziqhamo ezityiwayo (amapere okanye amapheya) kunye namagqabi awo amancinci atyiwa njengemifuno (nopalitos).
- Amayeza: Ezinye zisetyenziswa kumayeza esintu ukunyanga amanxeba, iingxaki zokwetyisa okanye njengomthombo we-antioxidants.
- Ukuhombisa: Zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimbiza, iigadi kunye ne-xeriscaping ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwazo okuphantsi kwamanzi kunye nobuhle bemilo kunye neentyatyambo zazo.
- Imiqobo yokuhlala: iintlobo ezithile zekholomu zisebenza njengocingo lwendalo ukunciphisa iipropati okanye ukukhusela izityalo.
- Indawo yokuhlala yendalo: I-Wild cacti ibonelela ngekhusi kwiintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana zasendle, kubandakanya iintaka, izirhubuluzi kunye nezinambuzane.
Iinyani ezinomdla malunga ne-cacti kunye neentyatyambo zabo
- Abanye i-cacti enkulu Bangaphila iminyaka engaphezu kwama-200 kwaye badlule i-15-20 yeemitha ukuphakama, njenge isaga o teases.
- I-cactus encinci, Blosfeldia lilliputiana, phantse isiqingatha sesentimitha ububanzi.
- Iintyatyambo zeentlobo ezithile, njenge ukumkanikazi ebusuku (Selenicereus grandiflorus), ahlala ubusuku obunye kuphela, avuleke ngorhatya aze abune ngokufika kwelanga.
- Kumaxesha amandulo, igama elithi "cactus" ngokwenene lityumbe i-thistle kwaye yayisetyenziswa nguTheophrastus kunye nabanye ababhali beklasi ngaphambi kokuba uLinnaeus ayisebenzise ukuchaza i-American cacti.
I-Cactus okanye i-succulents? Iiyantlukwano kunye nokufana
Zonke I-cacti yi-succulents, kodwa ayizizo zonke i-succulents ziyi-cacti. Umahluko osisiseko ulele kwi ubukho bee areolas kwi-cacti, kuphela kusapho lweCactaceae. Iisucculents ezininzi ezivela kwezinye iintsapho, ezifana echeveria o ialoe vera, zinokubhidaniswa yinkangeleko yazo eyinyama kunye nokuxhathisa kwimbalela, kodwa azinayo i-areoles kwaye zinezinye izakhiwo ezithile emagqabini nakwiziqu.
I-taxonomy kunye nokuhlelwa kwe-cacti
- Ubukumkani: IPlantae
- ICandelo: magnoliophyta
- Iklasi: magnoliopsida
- Myalelo: IiCaryophyllales
- Usapho: ICactaceae
Ngaphakathi kusapho lweCactaceae, ulwahlulo oluphambili luphakathi iintsapho ezine:
- Pereskioideae: iintlobo zakudala ezinamagqabi aphuhlileyo.
- Opuntioideae: ibandakanya ii-nopales kunye ne-prickly pears.
- Maihuenioideae: kuphela eArgentina naseChile.
- ICactoideae: elona libanzi kwaye lisasazwe kakhulu.
Imizekelo yecacti eneentyatyambo ezintle
- I-Astrophytum ornatum (inkanyezi yecactus): Ineembambo ezibonakala zenza inkwenkwezi kunye neentyatyambo ezityheli ezibukhali.
- Mammillaria fraileana: ngeentyatyambo ezimile okwentsimbi epinki kunye neziqhamo ezibomvu.
- Coryphanta: iintyatyambo ezinemibala eyahluka-hlukeneyo kwaye kulula kakhulu ukusasazeka.
- Aporocactus: i-tubular, iintyatyambo ezingapheliyo kwiziqu ezijingayo.
- I-Epiphyllum (i-orchid cactus): ezineentyantyambo zasebusuku zobukhulu obumangalisayo kunye nevumba elimnandi.
- I-Echinopsis: Zivelisa iintyatyambo ezinkulu, ezihlala zimile okwexilongo, ezihlala ixesha elifutshane.
Ukukhulisa i-cacti ekhaya: iingcebiso ezisebenzayo
Guqula ikhaya lakho libe lincinci igadi yecactus Kulula ukuba ulandela ezi ngcebiso:
- Khetha iintlobo zilungele uhlobo lokukhanya okukhoyoI-globose okanye i-columnar cacti ifuna ilanga elingakumbi; iiepiphytes zifuna iindawo ezikhuselweyo ngakumbi.
- Khusela idrafti ezibandayo kunye nokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kweqondo lokushisa.
- Nkcenkceshela kuphela xa i-substrate yomile kwaye ungaze ushiye amanzi amileyo kwisosara phantsi kwembiza.
- Sebenzisa i-substrates egalelwe kakuhle kwaye wongeze igrabile okanye isanti ezantsi kwembiza ukuphucula ukuhamba kwamanzi.
- Kwiimbiza, khetha izikhongozeli ezingekho nzulu kakhulu kwaye zingalingani nobukhulu besityalo.
I-Cacti ihlala lelona qela liguquguqukayo nelimangalisayo lezityalo kwiplanethi yethu. Ukukwazi kwabo ukuphumelela kwiindawo ezinzima, iifom zabo ezizodwa, kunye nomlingo we-ephemeral weentyantyambo zabo zibenza babe ngabahlobo abafanelekileyo kwabo bafuna izityalo ezikwazi ukumelana nexabiso elikhulu lokuhombisa kunye neemfuno zamanzi aphantsi. Ukuba ne-cacti kwikhaya lakho okanye kwigadi yakho kukwasisimemo sokuphonononga ukujonga izingqisho zendalo kunye nokuzilolonga ngomonde, kuvuzwa xa kuvela intyatyambo ekudala ilindelwe, emfutshane kodwa engaqhelekanga.
