Ihlathi leMeditera yindawo ekhethekileyo, apho iintlobo zezilwanyana nezityalo zihlala khona ezikwazileyo ukuziqhelanisa nemeko apho imbalela nemililo zezona ngxaki zinkulu zivela unyaka nonyaka.
Ukuhamba kuyo, ukuva ingoma yeentaka kunye nomoya ohambisa amagqabi, ngamava angalibaliyo. Fumana imvelaphi yayo, indaleko, kunye nezityalo eziyinika umbala.
Yintoni na?
UDurisilva, njengoko ibizwa njalo, Ihlathi kunye ne-scrub biome efumaneka kwiingingqi zehlabathi ezinemozulu yeMeditera, esisizibi solwandle esilinika igama laso, i-chaparral yaseCalifornia, isikhuhli saseChile, i-fynbos yoMzantsi Afrika kunye ne-malee kumazantsi-ntshona nakumazantsi e-Australia. Kuzo zonke iimeko, ibekwe phakathi kwe-30º kunye ne-40ºC yokuphakama, ibe ngu-44º kwiMeditera.
Le mozulu iphawuleka ngehlobo elomileyo nelishushu kakhulu (amaqondo obushushu aphezulu aphakathi kwama-30 nama-45ºC namaqondo asezantsi aphakathi kwama-20 nama-25ºC phakathi kwixesha lonyaka), ikwindla efudumeleyo, ubusika obumnene obuneqabaka ezinqabileyo ukuya kuthi ga -7ºC, kwaye imithombo imnandi nge-15- 25ºC kunye nemvula.
Livela phi ihlathi leMeditera?
Imvelaphi yommandla weMeditera, kwaye ke, ihlathi layo, Ime kwimida yoLwandle lwaseThetis, ulwandle lwakudala olwahlula into esiyaziyo namhlanje njengeAfrika neYurophu kodwa iingcali ezibiza iLaurasia yakudala neGondwana yakudala. bucala ngasekhohlo kwenziwe uhlengahlengiso oluninzi ukusukela kwi-Middle Cretaceous (malunga ne-100 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo) Kude kube sekupheleni kweMiocene (7 yezigidi zeminyaka).
Phakathi kweminyaka engama-65 nama-38 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, imeko-bume yayishushu kwaye ifumile, ngoko ke ihlathi lalinokusasazeka; nangona kunjalo, ekupheleni kwe-Oligocene (phakathi kweminyaka engama-35 nama-23 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo) amaqondo obushushu ehla nemvula yehla. Ukusukela ngoko ukuya phambili, kancinci kancinci iimeko eziyinika ubomi namhlanje zafakwa.
Zithini iimpawu zayo?
Njani umhlaba weMeditera?
Ihlathi leMeditera Ikhula kumhlaba wee-shades ezahlukileyo ezibomvu, eziqulathe ipesenti ephezulu yodongwe nesanti. Uluhlu lokuqala, ngokubanzi, luhlwempuzeke kakhulu kwizinto eziphilayo, kuba amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nokunqongophala kwemvula kuyenza ibe notyekelo lokonakalisa; Uluhlu lwesibini lwenziwe ngodongwe kunye neeon, ezenza ukuba zihambelane; uze umaleko wokugqibela wenziwe lilitye elingumama, eli lelo, lithi xa libola xa lidibana namanzi, likhuphe izakha mzimba eziyimfuneko kwizityalo, ezifana ne-iron okanye i-calcium.
Ngaloo ndlela, Sizohlula iintlobo ezintathu zomhlaba waseMeditera:
- Umdaka okanye bomvu bomhlaba: zezo zinepesenti ephezulu yentsimbi.
- I-Terra rossa: zezona zidala, kwaye ezo zinobunzima obungaphaya obukhusela okuseleyo.
- Umhlaba omdaka osemazantsi: ngowamahlathi akwiMeditera anemvelaphi yesilicic. Kusesichengeni sokukhukuliseka komhlaba, ngenxa yoko kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo, ikakhulu ezikhuhlayo.
Yintoni uhlaza oluqhelekileyo lwedurisilva?
Izityalo ezihlala kuyo zibizwa ngokuba yi-sclerophyllous kunye ne-xerophytic, kuba kufuneka bamelane nobushushu behlobo obunokuhlala ngokulula iinyanga ezintathu, ngamanye amaxesha ngaphezulu. Ngokunjalo, zihlala zihlala ziluhlaza. Oko kukuthi, ayawahla amagqabi unyaka wonke ngelixa endaweni yawo kufakwa amatsha.
Ngesi sizathu, eyona nto sinokuyifumana yile:
- UPinus halepensis (Ialeppo pine) sisiqingatha esifikelela kwiimitha ezingama-25 ukuphakama, sinesiqu esithe nkqo okanye esithe nkqo (nangona sinokujija) kwaye sibhityane malunga ne-35-40cm ububanzi.
- IPinus pinea (ipine yamatye) sisixhobo esinokukhula phakathi kwe-12 kunye ne-50 yeemitha ukuphakama. Ihlala ifunyanwa ihlala ne-Aleppo pine kwaye, kwiindawo apho imvula inetha rhoqo, kunye nemithi ye-holm.
- I-Quercus ilex (Umthi oki Holm): Ngumthi ohlala uluhlaza ofikelela phakathi kwe-16 kunye ne-25 yeemitha ukuphakama, ovelisa iziqhamo ezinokutyiwa ngasekupheleni kwehlobo / ekwindla.
- I-Quercus faginea (Inyongo): ngumthi ofikelela kwiimitha ezingama-20 ukuphakama, otyatyamba entwasahlobo (ngo-Epreli noMeyi kumantla e-hemisphere). Iyayichasa imbalela, kodwa siza kuyibona ngakumbi kwiindawo ezifumileyo zehlathi leMeditera.
- IArbutus unedo (arbutus): sisihlahla esihlala sihlaza esihlala si-4 ukuya kwi-7 yeemitha ukuphakama esivelisa iziqhamo ezibomvu ezityiwayo ekwindla.
- IJuniperus sabina (sabina) sisixhobo esingafane sigqithe kwimitha enye ukuphakama endle, kwaye sinokukhula kwinqanaba lomhlaba ukuba iimeko zifuna njalo (umzekelo, ukuba intshule kwindawo enamatye apho umoya uvuthuza rhoqo).
- ICistus (yirockrose): Zizityalo ezihlala ziluhlaza ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2-3 yeemitha ukuphakama, ukumelana kakhulu nomlilo. Ngapha koko, imbewu ihluma ngcono ukuba iziqhamo ebezizikhusela zisinde emlilweni.
- I-Rosmarinus officinalis (romero): sisihlahla esihlala sihlaza ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2 yeemitha ukuphakama ngamagqabi aluhlaza kunye neentyatyambo ezincinci ze-lilac.
- ISmilax aspera (sarsaparilla): sisihlahla esikhwela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2 yeemitha, apho iingcambu zinokusetyenziselwa ukuba ngamayeza (zisetyenziselwa iimeko zerheumatism kunye nezifo zolusu).
- IPistacea lentiscus (Imastic): sisihlahla esihlala sihlaza esikhula phakathi kweemitha ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-5 ukuphakama, esikhupha ivumba elinamandla lentlaka.
Kukwakho namahlathi axubeneyo, apho kukhula khona imithi enje nge-Ulmus (elms) kunye nePopulus (poplars) kufutshane nemijelo yamanzi, enjengemilambo okanye amachibi.
Yiyiphi indima edlalwa yimililo?
Inyani yile yokuba namhlanje ithetha ngemililo kwaye sizibeka kuthi, kuba unyaka nonyaka zininzi ezibangelwa ngabantu abangakhathaliyo. Kodwa Asinakulibala ukuba ezingavuselelwanga, oko kukuthi, ezendalo, zivelisiwe ukusukela oko ihlabathi lihlabathi. Kwaye izityalo kuye kwafuneka zilungelelanise. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba kwakungekho kubo, umzekelo amahlathi e-eucalyptus ase-Australia ayengayi kuba yile nto ayiyo namhlanje.
Kwenzeka into enye nakwiMeditera. Izityalo ezininzi ziyathandwa emva komlilo wehlathi. Sithethile nawe malunga nerockrose, enembewu ehluma ngokulula emva kokuvezwa ngamaqondo obushushu aphezulu, kodwa ayisiyiyo kuphela. Ukusinda kwemipayini kunokukhula komelele, okanye irosemary.
Umlilo-ndiyagxininisa, okoko kungokwemvelo- inceda ihlathi livuselele, lomeleze kwaye lifumane umhlaba.
Utshintsho lwemozulu kunye nezenzo zabantu kwihlathi laseMeditera
Bekusoloko kukho utshintsho lwemozulu, kwaye ihlathi ekuthethwa ngalo libonile ukuba luguqulwe njani kuyo yonke indaleko. Kodwa ngaphezulu kwako konke kule minyaka ingama-5000 idlulileyo, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi kunye nokusetyenziswa komlilo, amahlathi akwiMeditera, nangona ebonyusa umphezulu (bahlala malunga neehektare ezizigidi ezingama-88), zisongelwa ngokukhula komntu kunye nexesha elide lembalela.
Okwangoku, zingaphaya kwama-300 iintlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana zaseMeditera ezisengozini yokuphelaKuphela yiSpain, kukho i-26% yetotali, kulandele i-Italiya (24%), iGrisi (21%), iTurkey (17%) neMorocco (15%).
Yintoni esinokuyenza ukuyigcina?
Njengabantu ngabanye, singathatha la manyathelo alandelayo:
- Sukuwuqala umlilo (ngokucacileyo, kodwa kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba izityalo yimiphunga yoMhlaba, kwaye ngenxa yazo singaphila).
- Uncedo ekubuyiseleni amahlathi.
- Musa ukwenza imililo ngexesha leenyanga ezicetyiswayo ngurhulumente wengingqi (umzekelo, kwii-Balearic Islands akuvumelekanga ukusukela ngoMatshi ukuya kuSeptemba / Okthobha).
- Ukuba uyatshaya, thatha i-ashtray ubeke iisigarethi zakho apho.
- Musa ukushiya iplastiki okanye naluphi na uhlobo lwenkunkuma.
Kwiqela / umbutho / inqanaba likarhulumente:
- Sebenzisa isicwangciso-qhinga samahlathi esiqhelana neemeko zehlathi lommandla.
- Ukulwa imililo, ukudala ulwazi phakathi kwabemi kumaziko emfundo, intengiso, njl.
- Funda kwaye utyale iintlobo zezityalo zemvelo ezichasene nembalela.
- Yomeleza imixokelelwane yexabiso.
Kwaye oku kuyaphela. Ndiyathemba ukuba yonke into oyifundileyo malunga nehlathi laseMeditera ikukhonze 🙂.