El Um-oki wePyrenean (I-Quercus pyrenaica), ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-rebollo okanye i-oki emnyama, ngumthi ongumfuziselo weSingasiqithi we-Iberia obalaseleyo ngenxa yawo. amandla okukhula kwakhona, amagqabi ayo anqabileyo kunye nexabiso layo lendalo kunye ne-ethnobotanical. Ngezantsi uya kufumana isikhokelo esisebenzayo kunye iimpawu zebhotani, uyakhathala, ukuzala, izibetho nezifo, kunye nokusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo kunye ne curiosities ukuqonda kunye nokulima olu hlobo.
I-Quercus pyrenaica: Yintoni, zithini iimpawu zayo, kwaye yintoni eyona nto isetyenziswayo.
Igama lenzululwazi: Quercus pyrenaica
Igama eliqhelekileyo: Melojo, Rebollo okanye Black Oak.
Icala: Magnoliopsida
Myalelo: Fagales
Intsapho: Fagaceae
Isini: IQuercus
Umvelaphi: I I-Quercus pyrenaica Ngumthi ophuma kwi-Iberian Peninsula, kwintshona yeFransi nakumantla eAfrika.
U sasazoOkwangoku, kwi-Peninsula yase-Iberia, ibonakala phantse kuyo yonke imimandla engaphakathi kwelizwe, ngakumbi kumbindi kunye neentaba ezikumntla-ntshona. Luhlobo oluthi, ngokuxakayo, lunqongophele kwiiPyrenees. Ngaphezu koko, kunzima ukuzifumana kumhlaba welitye lekalika kwiZiqithi zeBalearic nakumzantsi-mpuma weSpeyin.
Ziziphi iimpawu ezibaluleke kakhulu zeQuercus pyrenaica?
El I-Quercus pyrenaica Yiyo umthi onqabileyo zohlobo UQuercus enokufikelela kwiimitha ezingama-25 ubude, ukuba nje iimeko zokukhula zilungile.
Inamandla amakhulu okuziqhelanisa neemozulu ezahlukeneyo zaseSpain, yiyo loo nto ikhuliswa phantse kuwo wonke ummandla wepeninsula. Ine-a imilo yekholomu ngokubanzi kunye nayo uphuhliso luyacotha.
Ngenxa yokuxhatshazwa kwayo, kuqhelekile ukuyibona ihluma kwaye isenza inkitha yamahlathi aphithene kakhulu. Amasimi e UQuercus ePyrenean (i-melojares) ayingomahlathi ngendlela eqhelekileyo, kodwa kunokuba kunjalo amatyholo arhubuluzayo ezithi, ngenxa yokuxinana kwazo, zibe nokuthintela ukudlula.
Ngenxa yokukwazi ukukhula kwakhona, i-oki emnyama yenza olu hlobo lohlaza. Ezi zitendi zihlala zixinene kwaye zibanzi, kwaye zihlala zixutywa kunye ii-oki zeholm o oki oki.
El I-Quercus pyrenaica Iphuhlisa isiqu esithe tye okanye esingaqhelekanga, esinembonakalo entle kunye ne-branching ukusuka kwisiseko. Amaxolo ayo agudileyo, aluhlaza ngokungwevu kwaye aqhekeka ngenxa yokwaluphala. Kwixolo layo, amasebe aphambili ayivuleki kakhulu ke basebenza ngokukhawuleza, okubangela isithsaba esibanzi, esijikethekileyo nesirhabaxa noko.
Inengcambu enamandla ekhula kuyo ezi zityalo zilandelayo: iingcambu ezisecaleni ezingaphezulu kunye nezihluma ezininzi. Le ndlela yokuziphatha ilawula umhlaba ngamahlumela amatsha.
Amagqabi ayo, ane-velvety texture kumacala omabini, a Uyilo, inkulu kwaye ithe nzulu. Zintshula zibe nemibala epinki, zijike zibe luhlaza nzulu ehlotyeni kwaye zizuze imibala etyheli-mdaka ekwindla.
Las flores Zikhula ngeenyawo. Zidubula entlakohlaza kunye iintyatyambo zobudoda kwiicatkins ezijingayo ezityheli kunye iintyatyambo zasemazi uwedwa okanye ngamaqela amancinci, ngaphandle kwe-catkins.
Iziqhamo ziyi-acorns. Kolu didi, zityebile, zinesiqu esifutshane kunye nedome elinoboya olunezikali ezimfutshane. Zivuthwa ekwindla.
Iigalls, hayi i-acorns: Iiprotuberances ezingqukuva eziqhelekileyo kwisampulu yabantu abadala zi amathumbu, izakhiwo ezikhuselayo zomthi ngokuchasene nokubekwa koomeva abathile.
Injani imelojo?
Imelojo ngu umthi onamagqabi enokufikelela kwi-30 m. Isithsaba sayo sibanzi kwaye singqukuva, sihombise kakhulu. I isiqu Inokuthi ngqo okanye ijikwe; ixolo liyatshintsha ukusuka ekubeni buhlaza obugudileyo ukuya kumdaka okrazukileyo. ingcambu Inamandla kwaye ivelisa amahlumela avelisa imizekelo emitsha. i-acorn Ivuthwa ekwindla kwaye, nangona ikrakra, ityisa izilwanyana zasendle kunye nemfuyo.
Kwimithi ye-oki a "Umhlaba we-melojar" Isityebi kwi-humus, i-potassium, i-phosphorus kunye ne-microelements, ixabiseke kakhulu njenge-substrate yezolimo.
Ukunyamekela i-melojo
I-melojo yiyo yomelele kunye ulondolozo oluphakathiIyakwazi ukunyamezela iqabaka namaxesha embalela xa sele imisiwe, kodwa iyayixabisa imihlaba epholileyo, enzulu engenamanzi.
Ubicación
I-Quercus pyrenaica ikhetha iindawo ilanga okanye i-semi-shaded, kunye nokujikeleza komoya kunye nokuqhelaniswa okupholileyo kwiindawo ezifudumeleyo. Ziphephe iintlambo ezivaliweyo ezinenkungu eqhubekayo.
Umgangatho
Iqhelana nemihlaba iiasidi okanye decalcified (i-schists, izileyiti), ukusuka kwisanti ukuya kwi-loamy okanye enamatye. Kwimihlaba ene-calcareous amandla abo ayancipha. Isitshixo si umjelo olungileyo nobunzulu bengcambu yayo.
Unkcenkceshelo
Kwiminyaka yokuqala, gcina umhlaba kufumile kancinci ngaphandle kwezikhukula. Njengomntu omdala, uyanyamezela Imbalela ephakathiI-Organic mulching inceda ukugcina ukufuma kunye nokuphucula ubume bomhlaba.
Ukuthena
Ayifuni kuthenwa kakhulu. Nciphisa ungenelelo amasebe awomileyo okanye awonakele kunye nokunciphisa ukukhanya. Iindidi ziphinda zibuyele kakuhle, kodwa ukusika okunzima kufuneka kugwenywe ngexesha lobushushu obukhulu.
Umbhalisi
Un igalelo eziphilayo Ngentwasahlobo (umgquba okanye umgquba ovuthwe kakuhle) ukhuthaza ukukhula okuzinzileyo. Kwimihlaba ehlwempuzekileyo, ukudibanisa izinto eziphilayo kuphucula ukuchuma kwexesha elide.
Izinambuzane kunye nezifo zomthi wom-oki
Ngumthi rustic kwaye usempilweni ngokubanzi. Nangona kunjalo, unokufumana:
- Zintwala kumahlumelo ethenda. Ukulawula ngesepha ye-potassium okanye ioli yemifuno, ukukhuthaza izilwanyana ezincedisayo.
- Umngundo womphunga kwimithombo emanzi. Thintela ngokuphepha ukunkcenkceshela kunye nokuphucula ukungena komoya; ukunyanga ngesulfure ukuba kuyimfuneko.
- Izibilini nguHymenoptera: ziyayiguqula inkangeleko, kodwa azifane zibeke esichengeni impilo yomthi.
- Ukuxinana kwengcambu kwimihlaba enamanzi: thintela ngamanzi aneleyo.
Indlela yokuvelisa i-melojo
Iyaphindaphindeka ngembewu kananjalo ngo isiphunzi siyahluma. Ukuhlwayela i-acorns yeyona ndlela ifikelelekayo.
Ukhetho kunye nonyango lwangaphambili: khetha i-acorns leyo itshona emanzini. Shiya ukufunxa Iiyure ze48 okanye stratify kwi kubanda (i-peat, isanti okanye iphepha elimanzi) de kuvele i-radicle.
Ixesha lokuhlwayela: kwiindawo eyomileyo, tyala ekwindla ukuze wenze ingcambu ngaphambi kwehlobo; kwiindawo nge iqabaka zishushu, zilindele intwasahlobo.
Inkqutyana: gcina i iasidi encinci ukunciphisa izifo. Imixube eluncedo: umhlaba wendalo + i-blonde peat + i-perlite okanye i-vermiculite (35/35/25%); substrate yorhwebo 30% + blonde peat 35% + perlite / vermiculite 25%; okanye i-blonde peat 75% + perlite / vermiculite 25%.
Isikhongozeli: Sebenzisa iimbiza ezinzulu okanye amahlathi ukulungiselela i-taproot kunye nokuphepha ukutshintshwa kwangaphambili.
El I-Quercus pyrenaica Yiyo umthi onomtsalane oko kunokongeza ubuhle kunye nobuhle kuyo nayiphi na igadi enobungakanani obuhle. Ngokhathalelo olufanelekileyo, inokuba yinto ebalaseleyo yembonakalo yomhlaba wakho, enikezelayo sombra, ngombala kunye nokuchukumisa indalo yasendleThatha ithuba lokukhulisa umthi wepesika kwaye ujabulele ubuhle bawo kunye neenzuzo zokusingqongileyo.
Isazisi
Umthi ukuya kwi-25 m, nge umboko obhityileyo (ngamanye amaxesha i-tortuous) kwaye ekuqaleni ixolo eligudileyo elithi, ngokukhula, liqhekeke kwaye libe mnyama. Indebe ebanzi kwaye ingaqhelekanga, inamasebe amaninzi; amagqabi atyheli. Amagqabi alula, Uyilo, kunye neepere ezisi-8 ze-lobes ezinzulu kunye neenwele zolutsha. Iintyatyambo zobudoda ngaphakathi ezijingayo catkins; imazi kumaqela amancinci anedome elikhuselayo. Fruit: Isiqhamo: i-acorn eluhlaza ejika ibemdaka xa sele ivuthiwe.
UHLALA PHI
Ilungelelaniswe kakuhle kwi Imozulu yeMeditera nelizwekazi eliphawulweyo. Uyakhetha i-acidic substrates okanye ngaphandle kwekalika, phakathi komphakamo oqikelelwa kuma-200 ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-2.000 m, kunye neemeko ezizezona zilungileyo kumathambeka asemantla, imigangatho yeentlambo kunye neentlambo ezintsha. Ukumelana neqabaka kunye nekhephu ebusika.
INDLELA EPHILA NGAYO
Idubula ukusuka primavera ekuqaleni kwehlobo nge pollination anemophilic (ngomoya). Ithwala isiqhamo ekwindla. Inkqubo yeengcambu inamandla kwaye yenza amahlumela ubunzima. Isenokubonisa amathumbu ngokulunywa zizinambuzane.
UYA KUYIBONA PHI EMÁLAGA
Es inqabile kwaye yasekhaya, ekhoyo kwiiMontes de Cortes kunye ne-Genal Valley. KwiGran Senda, inokubonwa kwizigaba ezingama-24 ukuya kuma-28.
IZIFUNO
Imithi yayo isetyenziselwe iinkuni zokubasa y icarbón yemifunokunye ifenitshala, abalalayo, lawula, iimoto y iingcango. Ihluma kwisiphunzi, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukusetyenziswa okuzinzileyo (amadlelo). I ixolo kunye nenyongo, ezityebileyo kwi-tannins, zisetyenziselwa ulusu ulusu kwaye baneepropati abaphazamisiNangona i-epithet yayo ibhekisela kwiiPyrenees, ayiqhelekanga apho ngenxa yezizathu zembali zenkcazo ye-taxonomic.
IINTLOBO EZIFANAYO
Inokubhidaniswa nabanye UQuercus, kodwa i-melojo isigqibo kwaye inegqabi ngokunzulu lobed yeqela, ukongeza rhoqo ukunikezela galls.
Landa i PDF
I-Ethnobotany yaseSierra de Baza
Amashiti eeFlora – Izityalo zaseSierra de Baza Natural Park
I-oki yasePyrenean (Quercus pyrenaica)
Umthi omhle, ulungelelanisa imozulu yelizwekazi, esebenza kakuhle kwiindawo ezinomthunzi ezintabeni. Yalo iiacorn yondla izilwanyana, zabo amagqabi athambileyo Zityiswa yimfuyo kwaye iinkuni zazo bezisoloko zisetyenziswa emaphandleni nasemahlathini. amaxolo atyebileyo kwiitannins Isetyenziselwe ukwenza ulusu kunye nanjenge-astringent.
KwiSierra de Baza ayibonakali ngokwemvelo, nangona kukho imizekelo. ityalwe kwiindawo ezithile.
Ukuphindaphinda ngembewu: khetha ii-acorns ezisebenzayo (ezitshonayo), zigcine Iiyure ezingama-48 zimanzi okanye stratify kwipeat, isanti, okanye iphepha elifumileyo de iingcambu zivele. Kwimimandla eyomileyo, hlwayela kwangethuba ekwindla; kwiindawo ezithandwa yiqabaka, hlwayela entwasahlobo.
Imixube yeSubstrate kucetyiswa ukugcina i-acidity: umhlaba wendalo + i-blonde peat + perlite / vermiculite (35/35/25%); substrate yorhwebo 30% + blonde peat 35% + perlite / vermiculite 25%; okanye i-blonde peat 75% + perlite / vermiculite 25%.
Imimandla yemvelaphi (INIA): sebenzisa imathiriyeli evela imvelaphi eqinisekisiweyo kuphucula ukuziqhelanisa namandla.
Abemi babo mhlawumbi bebaninzi, ngokuyinxenye befuduswa ziintlobo zezityalo umdla omkhulu wezoqoqosho ezifana ne-oki ye-cork kunye nemithi ye-chestnut. Umthi wom-oki ofanayo unokubonisa ukukhula okuphawulekayo kwiiveki ezimbalwa phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo.
Ukongeza kwixabiso layo lembonakalo, i-melojo iyaboleka iinkonzo ze-ikhosistim Isitshixo: ikhusela umhlaba, ikhuthaza ukungena kwamanzi kwaye idale iindawo zokuhlala ezikhapha izilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Imithi yayo, nangona ikumgangatho ophantsi wesakhiwo kuneminye i-oki, i iluncedo yerustic yokuchwela kunye namafutha. I iiacorn, zinamandla kwaye zinesondlo, zisetyenziswa kwi ukufuya iinkomo kwaye, ngonyango olululo, ekusebenziseni zokupheka kunye nonyango.
