Amava aqokelelwe kwiindawo ezomileyo zaseLatin America, ezifana Baja California SurInika indawo eluncedo kakhulu yokuvavanya iindawo ezinemozulu efanayo eYurophu, ingakumbi iindawo zaseMeditera zaseSpain, ePortugal okanye emazantsi e-Itali, apho uxinzelelo lwamanzi kunye nokonakaliswa komhlaba kunyanzela ukuba kucingwe ngokutsha ngento ekufuneka ityalwe nendlela yokulima.
I-Nopal: isityalo esilungele ubushushu kunye nokunqongophala kwamanzi
KwiCandelo lezoLimo le I-Universidad Autonoma ye-Baja California Sur KwiYunivesithi eZimeleyo yaseBaja California Sur (UABCS), iqela loonjingalwazi kunye nabaphandi, kunye nabafundi bethisisi, bahlalutya indlela esebenza ngayo i-prickly pear cactus njengesityalo esibhekisa kwiindawo ezomileyo. Le ndawo, ngenxa yokunqongophala kwamanzi, isebenza njengelabhoratri evulekileyo ukuvavanya ubungakanani bendlela esi sityalo esinokuzigcina ngayo iinkqubo zemveliso ezizinzileyo.
I-nopal ibalasele ngayo ukunyamezela imbalela kakhulu Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu ayinto ebangela oku, iimeko ezinciphisa kakhulu imveliso kwezinye izityalo zezityalo. Xa kuthelekiswa neentlobo ezixhomekeke kakhulu ekunkcenkceshelweni okunzulu, njengeetumato okanye i-asparagus, esi sityalo sifuna amanzi amancinci kakhulu. khulisa i-cactus yepeya enamabala, into ebalulekileyo kwiibheseni ezinee-aquifers ezisetyenziswa kakhulu okanye ukunkcenkceshela okulawulwayo.
Ukongeza ekuziqhelaniseni kwayo nemozulu, olu phononongo luphawula ukuba i-prickly pear cactus luhlobo isebenziseka ngeendlela ezininzi: ingatyiwa njengemifuno emitsha (iisiqu ezithambileyo), isetyenziselwa ukutya kwemfuyo, isiqhamo singasetyenziswa (ityhuna) ukuze isetyenziswe okanye isetyenzwe ngokuthe ngqo, kwaye ikwasebenza njengezinto eziluhlaza kwishishini lezinto zokuthambisa kunye namanye amacandelo anexabiso elongezelelekileyo.
Olu luhlu lokusetyenziswa luyenza ibe sisityalo esingaxhomekekanga kwimarike enye, nto leyo evula ithuba lokuba yahlula ingeniso kwiifama, into enomdla ngakumbi kwiifama ezincinci ezikwiindawo zasemaphandleni ezingenazo iindlela zoqoqosho ezininzi.
Iprojekthi yezolimo: ukusuka emhlabeni ukuya ekujongeni imveliso
Umsebenzi owenziwe kwi-UABCS uhlelwe ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo aqala kwi- ukulungiswa komhlaba ukuya kuhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho lwesivuno. Okokuqala, umhlaba ulungelelaniswe ukuqinisekisa ukuba izityalo zimile kakuhle, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ubunjani, ukufunxwa kwamanzi, kunye nokugcinwa komswakama, izinto ezibalulekileyo kwiindawo ezomileyo.
Okulandelayo, icebo lokunkcenkceshela elihlengahlengisiweyo kwi-prickly pear cactus liyachazwa, apho injongo ingekuko ukunyanzela ukukhula okuphezulu nangayiphi na indlela, kodwa phucula ilitha nganye yamanzi Kuqhutywa iimvavanyo ngokunciphisa amaxesha okunkcenkceshela kunye nomthamo, kufunwa ulungelelwaniso olungcono phakathi kwesivuno kunye nokonga amanzi, indlela enokuhlengahlengiswa ngokulula ukuze kuncitshiswe ukunkcenkceshela kwiMeditera yaseYurophu.
Nje ukuba amasimi amiselwe, iqela lenza ukujonga ngokweenkcukacha ulimo: ukukhula kwee-pads, inani lamahlumela, uphuhliso lweengcambuOlu phando luhlola impendulo kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo kunye nokuziphatha ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo onyaka. Iziphumo zokuqala ziboniswe kwiingqungquthela zezolimo kunye nezoshishino lwezolimo, kodwa uphando luyaqhubeka nokuqokelelwa kwedatha ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo.
Kwangaxeshanye, isivuno seveki nganye sirekhodwa ngokuvuna rhoqo, okuvumela ubunzima bemveliso esebenzisekayo ukuba bulinganiswe kwaye buthelekiswe nenxalenye eyonakeleyo okanye elahlekileyo. Olu lwazi lubhekiselwa kumaxabiso emarike ukuze kuqikelelwe, ngamanani acacileyo, impembelelo yezoqoqosho yeziganeko ukuba isivuno siyahlupheka.
UNjingalwazi uJesús Iván Moreno GarcÃa, ovela kwiSebe lezeMfundo lezoLimo, ugxininisa ukuba le projekthi ibangelwa kukufuna ukukhuthaza izityalo ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kwaye kungasetyenziswa amanzi amaninzi, okunokwenza amathuba kuluntu lwasemaphandleni oluxhomekeke kwezolimo kwiimeko ezomileyo ngakumbi.
Izinambuzane ezikhula kwi-cochineal scale: izinambuzane ezenza umahluko kwinzuzo
Esinye seziphumo ezibalulekileyo zolu phando kukubaluleka i-cochineal ye-prickly pear cactus njengento ethintela isivuno. Esi sinambuzane sihlala ngqo kumagqabi e-agave alungiselelwe ukuvunwa, sonakalisa izicubu zezityalo kwaye sinciphise umgangatho worhwebo, nto leyo enokubangela ilahleko enkulu kwezoqoqosho kubalimi.
Nangona kukho iimveliso zokuyilawula, iqela lophando libonisa ukuba ayizizo zonke iindlela zonyango Zinobhaliso oluthile lokusetyenziswa kwazo kwesi sinambuzane, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ulawulo oludibeneyo kwaye isinyanzela ukuba siqhubekele phambili kwizisombululo zebhayoloji kunye novavanyo lwezinye iindlela zokwenziwa ezikhuselekileyo nezilawulwayo.
Kwinqanaba lokuqala, iqela lisebenza ekuchazeni iimpawu umjikelo wokuzala we-cochineal Phantsi kweemeko ezibandayo nezishushu, injongo kukuqonda indlela uphuhliso lwayo olutshintsha ngayo unyaka wonke. Olu lwazi lubalulekile ekuchazeni iindlela zonyango ezisebenzayo ngakumbi kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa ngokungakhethiyo kwezibulali-zinambuzane.
Uphando lukwabandakanya ukuchongwa okuneenkcukacha kwesi sinambuzane sezinambuzane: iimpawu zemo, ubungakanani kunye nezigaba zophuhliso, ukuze kubekho iinkcazo ezicacileyo ezivumela ukwahlula iintlobo ngeentlobo kunye nokulungelelanisa ngcono amaqhinga okulawula ngokwehlobo lwe-mealybug ekhoyo.
Ukongeza kwizinambuzane, ubukho be i-phytopathogenic fungi Ezi zinambuzane zibangela ukuba isityalo sibe tyheli, kwaye kwizigaba eziphambili, ukufa kwaso. Ukudibana komonakalo wezinambuzane nezifo kubonisa isibetho esiphindwe kabini kwisityalo, ngoko ke iinkqubo zolawulo ezidibeneyo ziyavavanywa ezibandakanya ulawulo lwezinto eziphilayo, iindlela zenkcubeko, kwaye, xa kuyimfuneko, unyango olwenziweyo.
Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabafundi, iidathabheyisi, kunye nohlalutyo lwezoqoqosho
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kule projekthi kukuba ukubandakanyeka ngokuthe ngqo kwabafundi kuzo zonke izigaba zomsebenzi wasentsimini. Abafundi bethisisi bathatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo kunye nokumaphu amabala, befumana iipads ezineempawu, izityalo ezifileyo kunye neesampuli ezinokubakho kwezinambuzane, kwaye barekhode lonke olu lwazi kwiifom ezithi kamva ziguqulwe zibe ziidathabheyisi ezicwangcisiweyo.
Phakathi kwabo basebenzisana ngokukhutheleyo kukho abafundi abagxila kwiithisisi zabo ukuchongwa kwezinambuzane ezibangela inkathazoekufumaneni iintsholongwane ezibangela izifo nasekuhlalutyeni impembelelo yomonakalo kwezoqoqosho. Umsebenzi wabo ubandakanya yonke into ukusuka ekuqwalaselweni kweemicroscope ukuya kuvavanyo lwasemasimini ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula izinto eziphilayo nezokwenziwa.
Unjingalwazi kunye nomphandi uMireya Romero Bastidas, intloko yePhytopathology Laboratory, ugxininisa ukuba le ndlela ivumela ukudibanisa ukuveliswa kolwazi lwesayensi ngoqeqesho olusebenzayo lwabafundi, abaya entsimini, baqokelele idatha baze bafunde ukutolika iziphumo ngokwembono esetyenzisiweyo.
Isivuno seveki nganye sidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho. Ngokusekelwe kubunzima bemveliso eyonakeleyo kunye namaxabiso angoku, ilahleko ezinokubakho ziyabalwa kwaye kuthelekiswa iimeko ezahlukeneyo zolawulo. Oku kuvumela ukuqikelela ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko zokutyala imali kunyango oluthile okanye amanyathelo okuthintela izinambuzane nezifo.
Le ndlela yokusebenza yenza kube lula ukuba iziphumo zingahlali kwilebhu kuphela, kodwa ziguqulelwe kwi iingcebiso ezibambekayo kubavelisi, iikoperati okanye imibutho elawula izityalo kwiimeko ezifana nezeBaja California Sur okanye kwezo zikwimimandla emininzi eyomileyo ye-European Mediterranean arc.
Imodeli yokulawula i-prickly pear cactus enokudluliselwa kwiindawo ezirhabaxa zaseYurophu
Imeko yemozulu yaseBaja California Sur, enamaqondo obushushu aphezulu, imvula ephantsi, kunye nemithombo yamanzi embalwa, ifana kakhulu iindawo ezomileyo nezingenamanzi eSpain nakwamanye amazwe aseMediteraOku kwenza amava eNopal abe yindlela enomdla yokulinganisa izityalo ezifuna amanzi amancinci kwiindawo ezicinga ngokungenisa izityalo ezikhula ngokukhawuleza.
Iindawo ezinje ngomzantsi-mpuma weSpain, iindawo ezingaphakathi kwilizwekazi lethafa elisezantsi, okanye iindawo zeziqithi ezinengxaki yokunqongophala kwamanzi zingazuza kwi iimodeli zemveliso ezisekelwe kwiintlobo ze-crassulaceae njenge-prickly pear cactus, ehlala ihlengahlengisa iindlela zokulima ngokweempawu zomhlaba, imithetho kunye nemarike yendawo.
Indlela ebanzi evavanywayo—ukudibanisa ukujonga ulimo, ulawulo lwezinambuzane nezifo, kunye novavanyo lwempembelelo kwezoqoqosho—inika imephu eluncedo yokuyila iiprojekthi zovavanyo eYurophuOku kuya kuquka yonke into ukususela ekukhetheni iintlobo ezifanelekileyo kwindawo nganye ukuya ekufumaneni iindlela zokuthengisa zokusetyenziswa kwesityalo ezahlukeneyo.
Ikwavula ithuba lokuhlola ubudlelwane phakathi kwamaziko ophando aseLatin America naseYurophu agxile ukwabelana ngolwazi, baphuhlise amaqhinga olawulo oludibeneyo lwebhayoloji baze bachaze iindlela zolawulo oluzinzileyo ezinokwamkelwa ziindawo zezolimo ezitshintshela kwiimodeli ezinokusetyenziswa kwamanzi okuncinci.
Ngalo lonke olu msebenzi, i-prickly pear cactus iya isiba yindlela esekwe kwisayensi yokwandisa ezolimo e- iindawo apho amanzi abe ngumthombo ophambili othintelayoKunokuba ibe yinto enomdla kwizityalo, ivela njengesityalo esikwaziyo ukuxhasa uqoqosho lwasemaphandleni, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo kwimithombo yamanzi, kwaye inika enye indlela yobugcisa yokuqwalaselwa kwimigaqo-nkqubo yezolimo kwimimandla eyomileyo neyomileyo eMelika naseYurophu.
