El I-oki yaseMelika (Iquercus rubra) ngomnye weyona mithi ibukekayo yamagqabi avuthulukayo enokuthi idityaniswe nezitiya, iipaki, okanye ukukhulisa amahlathi kwindawo enemozulu epholileyo nebandayo. Umthunzi wayo omhle, inkangeleko yayo entle, ukukhula ngokukhawuleza, kunye nemibala emihle ebomvu bubomvu ekwindla iyenza ibe luhlobo oluxabiseke kakhulu lokuhombisa kunye namahlathi, oluphawulwa ziingcali zokulima kunye nabathandi ngokufanayo. Eli nqaku linika isikhokelo esibanzi, kunye nazo zonke iinkcukacha ezisebenzayo kunye nezityalo zokufumana kunye nokunyamekela i-oki yaseMelika, kunye nolwazi malunga nokusetyenziswa kwayo, ukusabalalisa, kunye nazo zonke iimfihlo zokuyonwabela ngokupheleleyo kwindawo yakho eluhlaza.
Iimpawu zeBotanical ze-American Oak (Iquercus rubra)
El I-oki yaseMelika Ngumthi ovuthulukayo, osuka kumntla-mpuma we-United States nakumazantsi-mpuma eKhanada, apho uhlala kumahlathi amakhulu kunye neendawo ezipholileyo. Igama layo lezenzululwazi ngu Iquercus rubra, nangona ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-oki ebomvu, i-oki ebomvu ye-boreal, okanye i-oki ebomvu engasentla. Iphuma kusapho lweFagaceae, yenye yezona ntlobo zineempawu kwaye zibalaseleyo kuMntla Melika naseYurophu.
- Ubungakanani kunye nemilinganiselo: Inokufikelela kubude obuphakathi kwe-20 kunye ne-35 yeemitha, kwaye ide ifikelele kwi-50 yeemitha kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo, iphuhlise i-trunk ethe tye, eyomeleleyo edlula i-2 yeemitha ububanzi kwiisampuli ezindala. Icanopy yayo ixinene, ibanzi, ingqukuva, kwaye inamasebe aphezulu, inika umthunzi opholileyo.
- AmaSpredishithi: Enkulu kwaye i-lobed, i-12 ukuya kwi-25 cm ubude, yahlulwe ibe yi-7 ukuya kwi-11 ye-lobes egxininiswe ngokunzulu kunye nemida enamazinyo athambileyo. Ebudeni bentwasahlobo nasehlotyeni, ziba luhlaza oqaqambileyo, okhanyayo, yaye njengoko kusondela ukwindla, zijika zibe nemibala eqaqambileyo ebomvu, engqombela, nemfusa, enye yezona zinto zixatyiswe kakhulu.
- Iintyatyambo neziqhamo: Ngumthi onecious, okuthetha ukuba uvelisa iintyatyambo ezizinkunzi nemazi kwisityalo esinye. Iintyatyambo zobuduna zibonakala kwiikati ezide ezijingayo, ngelixa iintyatyambo ezizimazi zivela zodwa okanye zingamaqela amancinane. Zityatyambe entlakohlaza kwaye zivuvuzwe nge-anemogamous (ngomoya). Isiqhamo yi-acorn, i-2-3 cm ubude, i-achene ebomvu-ntsundu evuthwa ekwindla emva kokudubula kweentyatyambo (ukuvuthwa kweminyaka emibini).
- Iinkuni kunye namaxolo: Ixolo elingwevu elimdaka, ligudileyo kwimizekelo emincinci, kwaye liyaqhekeka ngokuhamba kwexesha, ngamanye amaxesha libonisa ukukhanya okungaphakathi kwe-orenji. Iinkuni zikumgangatho obalaseleyo, zixatyiswe kakhulu ekuchweleni nasekwenzeni ikhabhathi.
- Ukukhula: Yenye yeentlobo ze-oki ezikhula ngokukhawuleza, ngakumbi kwiminyaka yayo yokuqala, nto leyo eyinika izibonelelo zokuhombisa kunye namahlathi.
Indawo yokuhlala yendalo kunye nokusabalalisa
El I-oki yaseMelika Iphuma kwimpuma yoMntla Merika, ukusuka eKhanada ukuya emantla eUnited States, kwaye ide ifikelele kwimimandla esemazantsi kufutshane neGulf of Mexico. Yaziswa eYurophu kwiinkulungwane ezadlulayo, yasekwa kwiigadi, iipaki, iindawo zokuphinda kutshalwe amahlathi, kunye namahlathi kumazwe ahlukeneyo, ngakumbi kumantla e-Iberian Peninsula (Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, the Basque Country, Castile and León).Ngaba ufuna ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nendlela yokukhetha owona mthi we-oki ogqwesileyo kwigadi yakho?
Ukuziqhelanisa kwayo neemeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nokunyamezelana kwayo nokubanda kuvumele i I-oki yaseMelika Isetyenziselwa ukubuyiselwa kweendawo ezithotyiweyo, kunye nokudalwa kwamahlathi amakhulu adibeneyo okanye ahlambulukileyo. Idla ngokufumaneka kumahlathi afumileyo, kwimozulu epholileyo nepholileyo, nakwimihlaba enzulu etyebileyo kwizinto eziphilayo kunye nokufuma okungaguqukiyo kodwa okugalelwe amanzi.
Iimfuno kunye nesikhokelo esibanzi sokutyala kunye nokhathalelo
indawo efanelekileyo
Ngenxa yamandla kunye nobukhulu bayo, i I-oki yaseMelika ifuna indawo eyaneleyo yangaphandle. Kuyacetyiswa:
- Ukukhanya: Ilanga eligcweleyo, nangona inokunyamezela i-semi-shade kwimozulu eshushu kakhulu.
- Umgama oya kwizakhiwo: Shiya ubuncinane iimitha ezi-6 kude nezakhiwo, iindonga, okanye iziseko ezingundoqo ukuze uvumele uphuhliso lwecanopy kunye nenkqubo yeengcambu kwaye uthintele umonakalo okanye ukuphazamiseka kwixesha elizayo.
- Ukuxinana kokutyala kunye nesakhelo: Ukuba injongo kukutyala ihlathi, ukuxinana okufanelekileyo kokuqala malunga nemithi eyi-1.250 ngehektare nganye (ifreyimu ye-4x2 yeemitha). Ukuba ukuthenwa okulungisiweyo kuyakhethwa kwasebuncinaneni, iifreyimu ezinkulu ezifikelela kwi-4x4 yeemitha (625 imithi/ihektare) zingasetyenziswa.
Umgangatho
- Uhlobo lomgangatho: Ikhetha i-substrates ezinzulu, ezityebileyo kwizinto eziphilayo kunye nezondlo, kunye nokukhupha okulungileyo kunye nokutsha.
- pH: I-acidic kancinci, phakathi kwe-4,5 kunye ne-6. Ayiwunyamezeli umhlaba we-calcareous okanye we-alkaline ngokugqithisileyo kakuhle.
- Ziphephe: Imihlaba enamanzi okanye imihlaba ethandwa kakhulu yimbalela. Ukuqhubeka kokufuma okugqithisileyo kunokubangela ukubola kunye nezifo zeengcambu.
Kumasimi amatsha okanye kwimihlaba edityanisiweyo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kwenziwe i-subsoiling kunye nokukhulula ngokunzulu, ukususa ukhula kunye nebrashi ukuze kube lula ukusekwa nophuhliso lweengcambu.
Unkcenkceshelo
- Rhoqo: Ukunkcenkceshelwa rhoqo kubalulekile, ngakumbi kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala emva kokutyala kunye namaxesha ehlobo elomileyo. Umthi ufuna amanzi amaninzi ngexesha leengcambu kunye nezigaba zokukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kucetyiswa ukunkcenkceshela zonke iintsuku ezingama-2-3 ehlotyeni kwaye zonke iintsuku ezi-4-5 unyaka wonke, ukulungelelanisa ngokwemozulu kunye nokufuma komhlaba.
- Uhlobo lwamanzi: Ukuba kunokwenzeka, sebenzisa amanzi emvula okanye amanzi angenayo ikalika. Ukuba oku akufumaneki, ungenza i-asidi yamanzi empompo ngokudibanisa ijusi yesiqingatha selamuni ngelitha nganye okanye ngokuvumela amanzi ukuba ahlale usuku kwaye usebenzise umaleko ophezulu.
Umbhalisi
- Ixesha: Chuba entlakohlaza nasehlotyeni, xa umthi ukwinqanaba lokuhluma ngokupheleleyo.
- Uhlobo lwezichumisi: Izichumisi zeminerali (ezityebileyo kwinitrogen, phosphorus, kunye ne potassium) okanye izichumisi eziphilayo (umgquba ovundiweyo, ukugalelwa kweentshulube, i-bark mulch, njalo njalo) zingasetyenziswa. Ukuba izilwanyana zasekhaya zikhona, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ubeke phambili izichumisi eziphilayo ukuze ukhuseleke.
Igalelo lonyaka lezinto eziphilayo ziphucula amandla, umbala wamagqabi, kunye nokuxhathisa izinambuzane kunye nezifo.
Ukuthena kunye noqeqesho
- Ubuncinane bokuthena obufunekayo: Um-oki waseMelika uphuhlisa ikhenopi exinene ngokwendalo kwaye ufuna ukuthenwa kancinci.
- Uqeqesho lokuthena: Kuphela amagatsha awomileyo, awonakele, okanye angalunganga kufuneka asuswe, ngokukhethekileyo ekupheleni kobusika okanye ekwindla, emva kweqabaka.
- Ukuthena kwizityalo zehlathi: Kwenziwa isincomo sokuthena okusebenzayo kwiminyaka emihlanu yokuqala ukufumana iziqu ezithe tye, ezingafakwanga. Emva koko, ukuthena kujoliswa kumasebe asezantsi, afileyo, ukuya kuthi ga kwisinye esithathwini okanye isiqingatha sobude bomthi njengoko ukhula (kwimithi 3 ukuya kwi-12 leemitha ubude).
- Izixhobo kunye nokusikwa: Ukusikeka kufuneka kucoceke, kuthintelwe ukonakalisa amaxolo.
Rusticity kunye nemozulu
- Cold ukumelana: Iyakwazi ukumelana namaqondo obushushu asezantsi ukuya kuma -25°C okanye nangaphantsi, imela ikwazi ukumelana neqabaka eqatha kunye nemeko ezipholileyo.
- Unyino ngobushushu: Ithwaxwa yingqele eqhaqhazelisa amazinyo kunye namaqondo obushushu obude adlula kuma-30°C. Imozulu efanelekileyo yimozulu epholileyo nepholileyo, ihlobo elipholileyo nobusika obubandayo.
- Ukufuma: Kuyathandeka, ukuba nje umhlaba ungahlali unamanzi.
Ukulawulwa nokukhusela izityalo
Kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala, kubalulekile ukulawula izityalo ezikhuphisanayo (ukhula okanye ingca), mhlawumbi ngokucoca ngoomatshini okanye ngesandla. Ukusetyenziswa kwezikhuseli zomntu ngamnye kubalulekile kwiindawo apho iinyamakazi, imivundla, okanye iihagu zasendle zikhona, njengoko zisenokonakalisa amaxolo kunye namasebe emithi emitsha.
Izinambuzane eziqhelekileyo kunye nezifo
- Izinambuzane: Olona tshaba luchongiweyo kumasimi yi<em>zeuzera, inundu elinombungu odla umthi walo mthi. Ukuba sibhaqiwe, kufuneka kusetyenziswe isibulali-zinambuzane esifanelekileyo.
- Izifo: I-oki yaseMelika inokubandezeleka ngenxa ye-ink blight (Phytophthora sp.), Nangona ithathwa njengeyingozi kakhulu kunemithi ye-chestnut. Ukufuma okugqithisileyo kunye namanzi amileyo kufuneka kuthintelwe ukuthintela izifo zengcambu.
Ukutshintsha kwemveliso kunye nokugawulwa kwemithi kumasimi amahlathi
- Imveliso yamaplanga: Igcina ukukhula kwe-7-9 m³/ihektare/ngonyaka zomthi kwixesha elide, nangona kwiindawo ezikumgangatho ophezulu inokufikelela kwi-16 m³/ihektare/ngonyaka.
- Ukutshintsha inguqu: Elona xesha lokuvuna liphakathi kweminyaka engama-40 nama-50, nangona oku kunokwahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kwimozulu, umhlaba, kunye nolawulo.
- Claras: Kumasimi axineneyo, ukuchetywa kuyimfuneko emva kweminyaka eyi-15-24 ukushiya phakathi kwemithi engama-400 kunye nama-600 ngehektare nganye; emva kweminyaka engama-25 ukuya kwengama-30, ukuchetywa okutsha kunokuzisa ukuxinana kokugqibela phakathi kwama-200 nama-250 emithi ngehektare nganye.
Ukuphindaphinda nokuzala
El I-oki yaseMelika Isasazwa kakhulu ngembewu (ii-acorns), ezinomthamo ophezulu wokuntshula ukuba ziphathwe ngokuchanekileyo. Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zokuntshula imbewu yayo:
- Ukuhlwayela ngokuthe ngqo ngaphandle: Ukuba imeko yemozulu yendawo ibanda, ubusika obubandayo, ii-acorns zinokuqokelelwa ekwindla kwaye zityalwe kwiimbiza ezine-substrate ekhanyayo (i-vermiculite elinganayo, i-peat emnyama kunye ne-perlite). Ukushiya iimbiza ngaphandle kuya kuvumela i-stratification yendalo. Ngentwasahlobo, amahlumela okuqala angabonwa.
- I-stratification kwifriji: Kwiindawo ezinobusika obuthambileyo, i-acorns kufuneka i-artificially stratified: gcina ii-acorns kwisitya seplastiki esicacileyo kunye ne-vermiculite encinci, zigcine kwi-6 ° C kwiinyanga ezintathu, uze uzihlwayele.
Ukukhusela kwi-fungus, unokufafaza ubhedu okanye isulfure kwimbewu. Imbewu kufuneka ihlale isematsha ukusukela oko iqokelelwe kwaye kufuneka ingavunyelwa ukuba yome. Amazinga okuhluma, ukuba ayenziwe ngokuchanekileyo, anokufikelela kuma-80-90%.
Usetyenziso kunye nokuhombisa, amahlathi kunye nexabiso lezoqoqosho
- Isihombiso: Ngenxa yokuqina kwayo kunye neskimu sombala wekwindla, ilungele iigadi ezinkulu, iipaki zoluntu, kunye nolungelelwaniso lwesikhumbuzo. Umthunzi wayo oshinyeneyo, ubungangamsha bawo, nombala wayo wasekwindla awunakulinganiswa nanto.
- Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi: Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiiprojekthi zokubuyiselwa kwemekobume kunye nokutshalwa kwakhona kwamahlathi eendawo ezithotyiweyo, zombini ngenxa yokukhula ngokukhawuleza kunye neemfuno eziphantsi zokuchuma komhlaba.
- Umgawuli wemithi: Umthi wayo okhanyayo obomvu-buntsundu uxatyiswe kakhulu kwifanitshala, ukwenza ikhabhathi, i-parquet, ukuchwela jikelele, kunye ne-cooperage (imiphanda yewayini kunye ne-whisky). Kulula ukusebenza kune-oki yaseYurophu, nangona inganyangeki kangako kwi-woodworm.
- Ukondla izilwanyana zasendle: Ii-acorns kukutya okusisiseko kwe-squirrels, jay, kunye nezinye izilwanyana, ezinegalelo ngokwendalo ekusasazeni nasekuvuseleleni uhlobo.
- I-Mycorrization kunye namakhowa: Ezinye iindawo zokuhlala zibonelela ngezithole ze-mycorrhizal nge UBoletus edulis, ukuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwe-gastronomic kunye nokuphucula impilo yomthi ngokubonga kwi-radical symbiosis.
Ixabiso kunye nokufumana iikopi
Ixabiso lekopi ye I-oki yaseMelika Kuxhomekeke kubungakanani kunye nefomathi (ingcambu engenanto, i-rootball, okanye imbiza), ubudala bomthi, kunye nemozulu yendawo apho ithengwe khona. Izithole ezingama-70 cm zidla phakathi kwe-12 kunye ne-20 yee-euro. Imizekelo emikhulu, i-150 ukuya kwi-250 cm, ifumana amaxabiso aphezulu. Kubalulekile ukuthenga kwiindawo ezinegama elihloniphekileyo, ngokukhethekileyo ezikhethekileyo, kwii-nursery ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wemfuzo kunye nempilo.
Ukongeza, kukho ii-nursery ezithengisa i-oki yaseMelika e-mycorrhized UBoletus edulis kwabo banqwenela ukudibanisa ukulinywa kwalo mthi kunye neqoqo le-gourmet mushrooms.
- I-Etymology: Igama elithi Quercus livela kwigama lesiLatini le-oki. Igama elithi "rubra" libhekisela kumbala obomvu wamagqabi awo asekwindla.
- Ukusasazwa zizilwanyana: I-squirrels kunye neejay zigcina i-acorns njengendawo yokugcina ubusika, ikhuthaza iintlobo ukuba zihlakazeke ngokungazithandi xa zilibala ezinye zazo.
- Imbali kunye nobukho eYurophu: Nangona isuka eMelika, i-oki yaseMelika ibikho eYurophu kangangeenkulungwane, iqhelana kakuhle neendawo ezinemozulu yeAtlantiki.
- Izoyikiso kunye nolawulo: Olona khuphiswano lwamahlathi yi-eucalyptus kwimimandla yaseGalicia nakumantla eSpain, njengoko ithatha umhlaba ochumileyo ukonakalisa iintlobo zendalo kunye namagqabi.
El I-oki yaseMelika Luhlobo olungaboneleli kuphela ubuhle kunye nexabiso le-ecological, kodwa kunye namathuba okusebenzisa uqoqosho kunye ne-landscape. Ngokubonakala kwawo okumangalisayo, umbala omangalisayo wasekwindla, kunye nokuqhelana nemihlaba eyahlukeneyo emitsha nenzulu, ingumthi obalulekileyo kwiigadi ezinkulu kunye neeprojekthi zokubuyiselwa kwendalo okanye imveliso yamahlathi esemgangathweni. Imbali yayo, ukuba luncedo, ukulula kwenkathalo, kunye nokugcinwa okuphantsi kwenza kube a Iquercus rubra Ukhetho olukhuselekileyo kwabo bafuna ukutyebisa indawo yabo ngenye yezona ntlobo zinomdla kwaye ziluncedo kwizityalo.
