La UBelladonna Yenye yezo zityalo ezibonakala zingenabungozi xa uzijonga ekuqaleni, kodwa zifihla imbali enomdla umlingo, amayeza kunye netyhefuAmaqunube ayo amnyama akhazimlayo afana neetsheri ezincinci, anomtsalane kakhulu, ingakumbi ebantwaneni, kodwa ambalwa anele ukubeka ubomi esichengeni kakhulu.
Kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo, olu hlobo luye lwayeka ukuba isixhobo somthakathi, isithambiso sika-courtesan, kunye nesixhobo somtyholi umthombo wamayeza abalulekileyo kwi-ophthalmology nakwamanye amasebe ezonyango.
Namhlanje siyazi ukuba yonke inxalenye yesityalo inee-alkaloids ezinamandla ze-tropane ezitshintsha ukusebenza kwenkqubo yemithambo-luvo. Kodwa siyazi nokuba, xa isetyenziswa ngolawulo oluphezulu, i-belladonna inokuba luncedo: izithako zayo ezisebenzayo zisetyenziswa njenge amayeza abangela ukuxinana kwemisipha, amayeza okunciphisa ukuqaqamba kwemisipha kunye namayeza okuthintela iityhefu ezithileKweli nqaku siza kuchaza ngokuzolileyo nangokuthe ngqo yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nokubonakala kwayo, i-biology yayo, imbali yayo yomlingo kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke, ubuthi bayo obuyingozi kakhulu.
Ukwahlulwa kwezityalo kunye namagama e-belladonna
i-atropa belladonna Iphantsi kosapho lweSolanaceae, usapho olufanayo oluquka izityalo ezahlukeneyo njengetamatato, iitapile, kunye necuba. Ngokwembono ye-taxonomic, ihlulwe kwiKingdom Plantae, i-phylum Magnoliophyta, udidi lweMagnoliopsida, i-superorder Lamianae, i-order Solanales, usapho lweSolanaceae, usapho olungaphantsi lweSolanoideae, kunye nesizwe seHyoscyameae. Ngaphakathi kwesi sizwe, uhlobo Aropa Ihlanganisa iintlobo ezimbalwa ezinobungozi obukhulu.
Igama layo elipheleleyo lezenzululwazi ngu I-Atropa belladonna L.Ichazwe nguLinnaeus ngo-1753 kwincwadi yakhe ethi Species Plantarum. Igama eliqhelekileyo elithi “Atropa” livela kwigama elithi Atropos, isiGrike iMoira esinoxanduva lokusika umsonto wobomi, nto leyo ethetha ngokucacileyo amandla okubulala esi sityalo. Igama elithi “belladonna” livela kwi-Italian kwaye lithetha “umfazi omhle,” libhekisela ekusetyenzisweni kwakudala kwesi sityalo ukwenza izithambiso zamehlo zibe ntle.
NgeSpanish, uninzi amagama aqhelekileyo Kule ntlobo: i-belladonna, i-nightshade, i-furious nightshade, i-greater nightshade, i-devil's cherry, i-herb of death, i-witch's berry, okanye i-black cherry—onke la magama, ngandlela thile, alumkisa ngengozi yayo. Kuyo yonke imibhalo yezityalo, ikwacatshulwe phantsi kwamagama ahlukeneyo afanayo, anje ngala: IBelladonna baccifera, I-Belladonna trichotoma, I-Boberella belladonna, okanye iindibaniselwano ezifana I-Atropa lethalis kunye namanye amagama ngoku athathwa njengamagama embali.
Ngokwembono ye-cytogenetic, i-belladonna inenombolo ye-chromosome ye-haploid. n = 25Olu lwazi lubalulekileyo kwiingcali zezityalo kunye nabafuyi abasebenza ngezityalo ezivelisa iziqhamo ezinomdla kwiyeza.
Indlela esibonakala ngayo isityalo: imbonakalo ngokubanzi, iintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo
UBelladonna ngu ingca enkulu ehlala ihleliIngaziphatha njengesihlahla esingaphantsi kwezihlahla. Ihlala ifikelela phakathi kwe-1,5 kunye ne-2 yeemitha ukuphakama, inenkqubo yeengcambu eziqinileyo kunye ne-rhizome enenyama apho kuvela khona iziqu ezimileyo, eziqinileyo, ezinamasebe amaninzi, ezinje ngemithi ezantsi. Isityalo sonke sikhupha ivumba elibi kwaye sinobume obunamathelayo xa usichukumisa.
Amagqabi yenye yezona mpawu zawo zibalaseleyo: makhulu, ububanzi obuphakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-9 cm kunye nobude obufikelela kwi-15-18 cm, amile okweqanda kunye nencam ebukhali. Umphezulu wawo awubonakali, unemiphetho epheleleyo okanye enamacangca amancinci, kwaye uhlala ugqunywe ziinwele ezincinci. Kwinxalenye esezantsi yesiqu kuvela amagqabi alula, atshintshanayo, ngelixa kumasebe aphezulu adla ngokubonakala ngababini, elinye likhulu kakhulu kunelinye, nto leyo enika isityalo inkangeleko engalinganiyo.
Iintyatyambo zibonakala zodwa okanye ngamanani amancinci kwiipeduncle eziyi-1-2 cm. I-calyx etyhubhu inomlinganiselo omalunga ne-5-6 mm kunye namazinyo amahlanu angama-4-5 mm. I-corolla enomfanekiso wentsimbi mhlawumbi yeyona nto iphawulekayo: inombala omfusa-mdaka okanye omfusa ngaphandle kwaye ityheli ngaphakathi, idlula kwimithambo emnyama. Nangona ingabonakali kakhulu ngombala, yahlukile kakhulu ngenxa yokuba imo yentsimbi kunye nevumba layo elingabonakaliyoKukwakho nohlobo olukhanyayo, i-atropa belladonna Nantsi lapho. lutea, kunye neentyatyambo ezimthubi kunye neziqhamo ezimthubi okhanyayo.
Emva kokudubula kweentyatyambo, okuhlala ukususela ngoMeyi ukuya ku-Agasti (okanye ukususela ngoJuni ukuya kuSeptemba kuxhomekeke kummandla), amaqunube ayavela. Ekuqaleni aluhlaza, ajika abe mnyama onzulu, ocwebezelayo njengoko evuthwa. Angqukuva, malunga ne-10-20 mm ububanzi, kwaye anombala okhanyayo obenza afane neetsheri ezincinci. Impuphu inejusi, inencasa emnandi nekrakra kancinci—inomtsalane wokwenene kubantwana nakwiintaka ezininzi. Ngaphakathi, aqulathe imbewu ezininzi ezijikelezwe yi-cocktail enamandla... tropane alkaloids.
Indawo yokuhlala, ukusasazwa kwayo kunye nokulima (kwaye kutheni kungengombono ulungileyo ukuba nayo emyezweni)
Endle, i-belladonna ikhetha iindawo ezimanzi nezinomthunziIhlala ifumaneka kwiindawo ezicociweyo emahlathini avuthulukayo, ingakumbi amahlathi e-beech kunye ne-oki, kumhlaba otyebileyo okanye one-calcareous, phakathi kweemitha ezili-1.300 kunye ne-1.700 ngaphezu kolwandle kwiintaba ezininzi zaseYurophu. Ayinyamezeli kakuhle ukukhanya kwelanga ngqo kwaye ikhula kakuhle phantsi kokhuseleko lwemithi egcina umswakama ongqongileyo.
Uluhlu lwayo lwendalo lugubungela uninzi lweYurophu esembindini nasezantsi, eMntla Afrika, nakumzantsi-ntshona weAsia. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iye yavela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zaseMntla Melika, apho ifumaneka khona kumathambeka, ezindleleni, kwiindawo ezimanzi, nakwimihlaba yelitye elimdaka eligugileyo. Kwamanye amazwe, ithathwa njenge ukhula oluhlaselayoingakumbi kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi, kwiindawo ezinamahlathi aphazamisekileyo, nakwiindawo ezazisakuba zemigodi yamalahle.
Nangona umntu enokucinga ukuba isityalo esinjalo sidla ngokusetyenziswa njengesihombiso, i-belladonna ayikhuliswa kangako kwiigadi zabucala. Xa ikhuliswa, idla ngokuba kwi igadi zezityalo zonyango okanye igadi zezityaloIxabiseke kakhulu ngenxa yeziqhamo zayo kunokuba inomtsalane wokuhombisa. Nangona kunjalo, iingcali ezininzi zicebisa ukuba ungayityali apho kunokubakho izinambuzane. abantwana okanye izilwanyana zasekhaya ngenxa yomngcipheko wetyhefu.
Ngaphezu koko, ukulima akulula. Imbewu yayo inoboya obuqinileyo obubangela ukuba ingalali kakuhle; ukuhluma kungathatha iiveki okanye iinyanga, kwaye kudla ngokufuna amaqondo obushushu atshintshanayo kunye nokufuma okuphezulu. Le nkqubo inokukhawuleziswa kancinci ngonyango olufana ne-gibberellic acid, kodwa nangona kunjalo izinga lokuhluma lidla ngokuba liphantsi. Isityalo sikwanyamezela ukuphindaphinda ngokusikwanangona ukuhlwayela imbewu yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo izityalo zamayeza.
Ngokuphathelele iimfuno zomhlaba kunye nokuchumisa, i-belladonna ikhula kakuhle kwiindawo ezinzulu, ichumiswe kakuhle ngezinto eziphilayo (ingakumbi umgquba), ihlala inemibhobho emihle yokukhupha amanzi kodwa igcina umlinganiselo othile wokufuma. Ii-nitrate kunye neetyuwa ze-ammonium ziyandisa kakhulu imveliso ye-alkaloid. ESpain, ukulinywa kwayo kuyanda. Ithintelwe ngokungqongqo kwaye ayivumelekanga ngaphandle kwemvume ukususela kwi-Ministeral Order ka-Aprili 8, 1949, kwaye idweliswe kuluhlu olusemthethweni lwezityalo ezithengiswa kuluntu okanye ezithintelweyo ngenxa yobuthi bazo.
Ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali: ii-alkaloids ezibangela ingozi yazo
Udumo lukaBelladonna alubangelwa yimbonakalo yalo, kodwa lubangelwa izixhobo zangaphakathi zeekhemikhaliZonke iindawo zesityalo ziqulethe ii-alkaloids ze-tropane, kodwa uxinaniso lwazo luyahluka. Kwiindawo ezisemoyeni (amagqabi kunye neziqu), malunga ne-0,03–0,06% yi-L-hyoscyamine kwisityalo esitsha, esitshintshana sibe yi-atropine kwizinto ezomileyo. I-Norhyoscyamine, i-noratropine, kunye nee-esters ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-scopolamine (okanye i-hyoscine) kunye ne-atroscine nazo zikho. Iikhompawundi ezifana ne-scopoletol (i-hydroxycoumarin) nazo zichongiwe.
Kwiingcambu nakwiirhizomes, isityalo siqokelela umxube owahlukileyo wezinto: ii-coumarins ezifana ne-scopoletol kunye ne-umbelliferoneUkongeza kwi-hyoscyamine, i-atropine, i-cuscohygrine, i-bellaradine, kunye nezinye izinto eziphuma kuyo, eminye imithombo yohlalutyo ikwakhankanya ukuba kukho i-hyescine, i-pyridine, i-tannins, kunye ne-starch, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezingenabungozi.
Phakathi kwazo zonke, ezona zibalulekileyo zezi i-atropine, i-scopolamine, kunye ne-hyoscyamineEzi zii-alkaloids ezikwaziyo ukuthintela ngokukhuphisana ii-receptor ze-muscarinic acetylcholine kwiinkqubo ze-nervous ze-central kunye ne-autonomic parasympathetic. Olu "thintelo lwe-anticholinergic" luchaza uninzi lweziphumo ze-belladonna, ukusuka kwi-mydriasis (ukwanda komfundi) kunye ne-mucous membranes eyomileyo ukuya kwi-delirium kunye ne-coma.
I-Atropine sisixhobo esikhethayo sokulwa ne-muscarinic: xa kusenziwa iidosi zonyango, ayichaphazeli kangako ii-receptors ze-ganglionic okanye ze-neuromuscular junction ze-nicotinic. Ukuze kuveliswe ukuvalwa okukhulu kwezi receptors ze-nicotinic, kufuneka umlinganiselo ophezulu kakhulu we-atropine. iidosi eziphezulu kakhulu kunezo zisetyenziswa ngokwezonyango, okanye ii-analogues ezithile ze-quaternary. Ke ngoko, ngeenjongo ezisebenzayo, ekusetyenzisweni kwezonyango okulawulwayo, ukusebenza kwazo kuthathwa njengokukhawulelwe ikakhulu kwii-receptors ze-muscarinic.
Kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo ephakathi, i-acetylcholine idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ingqalelo, inkumbulo, kunye neminye imisebenzi emininzi yokuqonda. Ukuthintelwa kwee-receptors zayo yi-belladonna alkaloids kubangela ukuphazamiseka kokufunda, ukukhohlwa, ukudideka, kunye neminye imiphumo. imibono ecacileyo kunye neemeko zokuphazamiseka eziye zavuselela iintsomi zamagqwirha, ii-covens, kunye nohambo olunemibono.
Ubuthi obugqithisileyo: iidosi ezibulalayo, iimpawu, kunye ne-toxicokinetics
UBelladonna uphakathi kwabo izityalo ezinetyhefu kakhulu kumantla e-hemisphereZonke iindawo zesityalo ziyingozi, nangona ingcambu idla ngokuba nomlinganiselo ophezulu wee-alkaloids, kulandele amagqabi kunye neziqu. Okumangalisayo kukuba, iziqhamo, nangona zingenabungozi kangako ngokwentsingiselo, zibangela uninzi lweemeko zetyhefu ngenxa yenkangeleko yazo entle kunye nencasa emnandi eyamkelekileyo.
Kubantu abadala, kuqikelelwa ukuba ukuthathwa kwe amaqunube amane ukuya kwasibhozo Inokuba yingozi ebantwini, ngelixa kumntwana, idosi enye inokwanela ukubangela ukusabela okuqatha. Idosi ebulalayo ye-atropine ebantwini ayikaqinisekiswa ngokuchanekileyo: ukufa kuye kwaxelwa ngezixa eziphantsi njenge-0,2 mg/kg, nangona kukwakho namatyala okusinda emva kokuyitya kufutshane negram enye, nto leyo ebonisa izinga eliphezulu lokuguquguquka komntu ngamnye kwi-toxin.
Ukufunxwa kwee-alkaloids kwenzeka ikakhulu ngendlela yokugaya ukutya. Iimpawu zinokuqala phakathi kwemizuzu eli-10 ukuya kwengama-90 emva kokuyitya, zihlale iiyure ezingama-24 ukuya kuma-48, kuxhomekeke kwidosi kunye nendlela echaphazeleka ngayo. I-Atropine iyanyibilika esibindini kwaye isuswa kakhulu ngezintsoIzifundo zetyhefu zibonisa amanqanaba e-plasma yonyango angama-0,002 ukuya kwi-0,3 mg/L, amanqanaba etyhefu aqala kwi-0,1 mg/L, kunye namanqanaba abulalayo okanye emva kokufa amalunga ne-0,2 mg/L egazini kunye ne-1,5 mg/L kumchamo.
Umfanekiso weklinikhi wetyhefu ubonisa indibaniselwano ephawulekayo yeempawu ze-anticholinergic. Emva nje kokuyitya, umlomo kunye ne-mucous membranes ziyavela, kunye nobunzima bokuginya, ukoma okunganyamezelekiyo, kunye nokucaphuka komphimbo. Ulusu luba lomile kwaye lushushu xa uluchukumisa. ukukhubazeka kwamadlala okubilaOku kukhokelela kwi-hyperthermia engaphenduliyo kwi-antipyretics. Isantya sentliziyo sinyuka siye kwi-120-150 beats ngomzuzu, kunye nokuqaqamba kobuso okubonakalayo, okubizwa ngokuba yi-"atropine flush."
Iimpawu ze-neurological ziquka isiyezi, intloko ebuhlungu, i-vertigo, ukuphazamiseka kokubona (i-mydriasis ephawulekayo, umbono ofipheleyo, i-cycloplegia), ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kunye ne-hallucinatory delirium: isigulane sinokubona imiboniso eyoyikisayo, imililo, imizimba enegazi, okanye siziphathe ngokungathi sinxilile, siyadanisa, siyakhwaza, okanye senza iintshukumo ezingahambelaniyo. Akuqhelekanga ukuba kuvele ezi zinto zilandelayo: ukulahleka okupheleleyo okanye utshintsho olukhulu kwilizwiUkurhawuzelela kolusu, ukugcinwa komchamo kunye nokuvuleka kwesinyi, kunye nokukhupha ilindle kunye nomchamo ngokungazikhetheliyo kumanqanaba aphambili.
Kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu, ukozela okukhulu, ukuxhuzula, kwaye ekugqibeleni kubekho i-coma, kunye nomngcipheko wokufa ngenxa yokukhubazeka kokuphefumla kunye nokuwa ngokubanzi kwiiyure ezingama-24-36. Ukuchacha, xa kufezekiswa, kungathatha iintsuku ezininzi, kwaye imeko yengqondo etshintshileyo ngexesha lokunxila ithwala umngcipheko owongezelelekileyo wokwenzakala ngengozi, ukuwa, okanye ukuziphatha okuyingozi.
Unyango olungxamisekileyo lusekelwe ukucoca ukutya kunye nenkxaso yobomiUkuba kusandul’ ukutyiwa, kusetyenziswa ukuhlamba isisu kunye nokufakwa kwe-activated charcoal (25-50 g ngaphezulu, kuxhomekeke kwimeko) kusetyenziswa, kukhunjulwe ukuba ukuhamba kwesisu kudla ngokucothiswa yi-anticholinergic action ngokwayo. Ngokuphathelele ii-antidotes, i-physostigmine liyeza elikhethwayo kwiimeko ezithile: sisithinteli esiguqukayo se-acetylcholinesterase esinqumla umqobo wegazi-ubuchopho, okuvumela ukwanda koxinzelelo lwe-acetylcholine kwiinkqubo zemithambo-luvo eziphakathi nezingaphandle, kunye guqula iimpawu okwethutyana.
I-Physostigmine ifakwa kancinci ngemithambo yegazi, kwiidosi ze-1 ukuya kwi-4 mg kubantu abadala (0,5 mg kubantwana), kwaye inokuphindwa emva kweyure e-1-2 ngenxa yokuba ifutshane kakhulu. Ikwasetyenziswa njengovavanyo lokuxilonga kwiimeko ezirhanelwayo zetyhefu ye-anticholinergic. Kwiimeko zokuvuthuluka okukhulu, kusetyenziswa ii-benzodiazepines ezifana ne-diazepam. Nangona kunjalo, kwaye nangona i-prognosis inokuba ntle ukuba unyango lusekutsha kwaye lufanelekile, i-belladonna iphakathi kwezityalo ezininzi ezisetyenziswa kakhulu. iingozi ezinkulu kunye nokufa ziye zabonwa kuthotho lwezonyango kumazwe aliqela.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango zemveli kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezonyango ngoku
Nangona kunokuba nzima ukukholelwa ngenxa yesimo sayo esinobungozi, i-belladonna ibisetyenziswa kangangeenkulungwane njengesixhobo sokukhusela isityalo samayeza esiphindaphindayoKwimithi yesintu yakudala, amagqabi ayesetyenziswa kakhulu, kwaye kancinci iingcambu, ukwenza imixube kunye nezicatshulwa ezenzelwe ukunciphisa i-neuralgia, ukuqaqamba kwe-bronchial, i-digestive colic, ukukhwehlela kwemithambo-luvo, i-asthma, i-epilepsy, ukuxhuzula, okanye ezinye iingxaki zamehlo.
Okwangoku, la maqunube ayesetyenziswa kumayeza asekhaya nakwimithi yaseMntla Melika ehlukeneyo ukuya kuthi ga kwinkulungwane ye-19 ukunyanga iintloko ezibuhlungu, iingxaki zokuya exesheni, izilonda zesisu, ii-allergy reactions, ukudumba, kunye nesifo sokuhamba. Iijenali zonyango zelo xesha zazichaza indlela yokulungiselela kunye nokunika idosi i-belladonna tinctures, nangona namhlanje bekungayi kuba yinto engenakwenzeka ukuzisebenzisa ngaphandle kwendawo yonyango kuphela.
Okwangoku, amalungiselelo e-belladonna aluhlaza awasetyenziswa rhoqo kumayeza emveli. Kuqhelekile ukusebenza nge... izithako ezisebenzayo ezizimeleyo nezicociweyoapho uxinaniso lunokulungiswa ngokukhuselekileyo. I-Atropine, ekhutshwe kwesi sityalo, isasebenza njengeyeza elibalulekileyo. Isetyenziswa njengeyeza lokuthomalalisa ukuqaqamba kwamathumbu kunye ne-biliary colic, ukunciphisa ukurhawuzelela okugqithisileyo (i-sialorrhea), kwaye, ngokubaluleke kakhulu, njengeyeza elingaqhelekanga kwi-ophthalmology ukwandisa umfundi kwaye ivumele ukuvavanywa kwe-fundus okanye ukwenziwa kotyando oluthile.
Ngaphezu koko, i-atropine idlala indima ebalulekileyo njengeyeza lokunyanga ubuthi be-organophosphate ester (izinambuzane ezithile kunye nee-nerve agents) kwaye kwezinye iimeko ubuthi be-mushroom. Ikwasetyenziswa, kunye nezinye iziyobisi, ukuze kuqaliswe i-anesthetic. ukulungelelanisa ukukhupha kunye nokusabelaNgokwembali, izicatshulwa ze-belladonna bezisetyenziswa ekunyangeni isifo sikaParkinson kunye ne-parkinsonian syndromes, zisebenzisa ithuba lazo kwithoni ye-cholinergic yobuchopho, nangona namhlanje ziye zancitshiswa ziindlela zonyango ezikhuselekileyo.
Kwicandelo le-gastroenterology, iidosi eziphantsi kakhulu ze-belladonna derivatives zisetyenzisiwe ukulawula ukuhamba kwamathumbu, umzekelo kwi-irritable bowel syndrome okanye i-ulcerative colitis, nangona zihlala ziphantsi kweliso elibukhali kakhulu. Kwi-pulmonology, amalungiselelo e-antispasmodic asekelwe kwi-belladonna asetyenzisiwe ukunciphisa uxinzelelo. ukuqaqamba kwe-bronchialNangona kunjalo, ukuncipha kokukhupha okubangelwa zizinto ezibangela le ngxaki kunokubangela iingxaki kwezinye izifo zokuphefumla.
Kwaye ukubakho kwayo kwi-homeopathy akunakujongwa. Iimveliso ze-homeopathic ezibhalwe "iBelladonna" zihlala zisebenzisa i-dilutions ephezulu kakhulu, njenge-30C (10^60), apho ngokwezibalo kungekho nenye imolekyuli yesicatshulwa sokuqala esiseleyo. Nangona kunjalo, ziyaqhubeka zithengiswa ngenxa yomkhuhlane, iintloko ezibuhlungu, kunye nezinye iimpawu, nangona ngokwembono yesayensi kungekho bungqina bokusebenza ngaphaya kwempembelelo ye-placebo kwezi dilutions.
Imbali, ubugqwirha kunye neentsomi ezijikeleze i-belladonna
Zimbalwa izityalo eziye zalukela intsomi enamandla kangaka njenge-belladonna. Imiphumo yayo yeziyobisi kunye ne-hallucinogenic yayisaziwa kakhulu kwihlabathi lamandulo. E-Egypt, yayisetyenziswa njenge isithomalalisi kunye ne-anesthetic kwiindlela ezibuhlungu; kwiGrisi yakudala, amaMaenads azinikele kuDionysus kuthiwa ayetya amayeza e-belladonna ukuze angene kwi-trance. AmaRoma adibanisa esi sityalo nomthakathikazi uCirce kunye noBellona, uthixokazi wemfazwe, ababingeleli bakhe ababesitya i-belladonna ngaphambi kwemisitho yabo.
Uluhlu lweetyhefu zembali ezinxulunyaniswa (ngokuqinisekiswa okuhlukeneyo) ne-belladonna lude. Esi sityalo sityholwa ngokutyhefa okukhulu kwamajoni kaMark Antony ngexesha leeMfazwe zaseParthian, xa, ngenxa yendlala, kuthiwa batya imifuno engaqhelekanga ehlathini. UBelladonna ukwabandakanyeka ekufeni koMlawuli uClaudius, okubangelwa ngumtyholi uLocusta, owayesebenzela umfazi wakhe uAgrippina ukuvula indlela yokunyuka kukaNero esihlalweni sobukhosi. Kwakhona kucingelwa ukuba uLivia kusenokwenzeka ukuba wasebenzisa amalungiselelo afanayo ukukhawulezisa ukufa kuka-Augustus ngenxa kaTiberius.
EScotland, intsomi ithi uMacbeth wakwazi ukubulala iqela laseDenmark ngokubapha isidlo esinomxube we-belladonna ngexesha loxolo. Kutshanje, kukho iingxelo zabahlengikazi abanobungozi abafana noMarie Jeanneret eSwitzerland, okanye uJane Toppan e-United States, abavuma ukuba babulale abantu abaninzi apho kuthiwa wasebenzisa khona, phakathi kwezinye izinto, amalungiselelo e-belladonna.
KwiXesha Eliphakathi nakwiRenaissance, esi sityalo safumana udumo lwaso njenge "herb of witch." Sasiyinxalenye yezithambiso zokubhabha apho, ngokwezilingo zokuphanda, amagqwirha ayezithambisa ukuze "abhabhe" ukuya kwisabatha lamagqwirha, mhlawumbi efumana uhambo olucacileyo kakhulu lokubona izinto ezingaqhelekanga. Iirekhodi zenkundla zikwaquka neefomyula zomlingo ezaziphindaphindwa ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwezi zithambiso, apho ibelladonna yayidityaniswe khona henbane, i-jimsonweed kunye nezinye iintlobo ezinxulumene noko.
Ngokwembono yobuhle, indima yayo ibalulekile. Kwiindawo ezininzi zase-Itali nakwezinye iindawo zaseYurophu, abafazi abakumgangatho ophezulu basebenzisa amaconsi amehlo alungiselelwe nge-belladonna ukuze bafezekise isiphumo esimangalisayo. ukwandiswa kokwenziwa kwabafundiYayikwasetyenziselwa ukubonakalisa ngokungazi ukuvuseleleka kunye nomtsalane wesondo, kunye nokuhlamba izidlele. Kukho iimbekiselo ezininzi zokusetyenziswa kwayo eYiputa nakwezinye iimeko zembali ngeenjongo ezifanayo. Olu setyenziso lokuhombisa lwaluqhelekile kangangokuba lwatshintsha igama lesityalo ngonaphakade: "i-bella donna" yeenkundla zeRenaissance.
IBelladonna njengeyeza lokuzonwabisa: iingozi kunye nezithembiso zobuxoki
Inyaniso yokuba i-belladonna ibangela imibono enzulu ikhokelele ekubeni abanye abantu basayisebenzisa nanamhlanje. ukuzonwabisa njengeziyobisi ze-psychotropicIiforam ezikwi-intanethi ziqulathe ubungqina babantu abachaza ukusebenzisa amagqabi acoliweyo, ukutya amaqunube, okanye ukuwaxuba nezinye izityalo ukuze kufezekiswe "uhambo" oluthatha iiyure ezininzi. Enyanisweni, olu hambo ludla ngokudida, lubangela uxinezeleko, kwaye aluniki mngcipheko wokhuseleko.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukubona izinto ezingekhoyo kwi-belladonna akumnandi konke konke, kodwa kuyoyikisa: ukungabi nabuntu, ukulahlekelwa ngokupheleleyo kukubona izinto ziyinyani, umbono osongelayo, kunye nokungazinzi kwemisipha. Ingxaki iba mandundu kuba umxholo we-alkaloid kwisityalo uyinto engathandekiyo. ziyaguquguquka kakhulu kwaye azinakuqikelelwanokuba ngaphakathi kwingxaki efanayo, okwenza kube nzima ukulungisa umthamo ngokukhuselekileyo. Umahluko phakathi "kwamava engqondo" kunye netyhefu enokuba yingozi mncinane kakhulu kangangokuba umdlalo awufanelekanga.
Amaziko e-toxicology kumazwe aliqela axela inqwaba yetyhefu evela kwi-belladonna kunye nezityalo ezifanayo minyaka le, uninzi lwazo lunxulunyaniswa novavanyo lokuzonwabisa. Umzekelo, e-United States, amakhulu amatyala etyhefu ye-nightshade yolu hlobo arekhodwa minyaka le, kwaye kwizifundo zaseYurophu ezinde, i-belladonna ibonakala ngathi isityalo esinetyhefu esibangela izifo ezinzulu rhoqo ezifuna ukulaliswa esibhedlele. Imizekelo isusela kubantu abancinci abawela kwi-coma emva "kokubhidanisa" i-belladonna ne-sage ukuya kubabingeleli abafunyenwe beze kwaye bedidekile ehlathini emva kokutya amaqunube ayo.
Konke oku kuqinisa ingcamango elula kodwa ebalulekileyo: i-belladonna ayilothoyi, okanye isityalo "esinomlingo" esingenabungozi, kodwa yityhefu enobungozi kakhulu ekufuneka isetyenziswe kuphela kwicandelo lezonyango nelamayeza elilawulwayo.
Ngokubanzi, i-belladonna sisityalo esinembonakalo engenasidima kodwa sizaliswe ziimpawu, imbali, kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke, amandla amakhulu anobuthiUkuqonda indlela ezimile ngayo, ukwakheka kweekhemikhali, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo ngokwesiko kusinceda siqonde isizathu sokuba zithandeke kakhulu kwiinkcubeko zonke kangangeenkulungwane, kodwa kukwacacisa ukuba naluphi na unxibelelwano olusebenzayo nazo, ngaphaya kokujonga nje izityalo, lufuna ulwazi oluqinileyo kunye nokuqaphela okukhulu.