Kwishumi nje leminyaka nje enye, i-pistachio iye yasuka ekubeni sisityalo esiphantse ukuba yimbali ukuya ekubeni yenye ye abalinganiswa abakhulu belizwe laseSpainIcandelo libone ukukhula kwemeteoric, kunye nokwanda komphezulu, utyalo-mali lwemizi-mveliso, kunye nombutho okhulayo wobuchwephesha otsale amafama kunye namashishini asuka kwimimandla emininzi.
I-X-reyi yamva nje yemarike, eqokelelwe kwi Uhlelo lwesibini lophononongo lwangoku kunye nekamva lepistachios Ilungiselelwe ngusoqoqosho wezolimo uJuan Vilar kwaye yakhuthazwa yi-Agróptimum, ibeka iSpain kwindawo ephambili: ukuqinisa ubunkokheli baseYurophu kunye nokuzibeka ngcono kumatshaneli exabiso eliphezulu, ngelixa begcina i-pulse yezobuchwepheshe kunye nozinzo.
Indawo engaphezulu kunye nemveliso: apho sikhoyo kunye nalapho siya khona isityalo
Indawo engaphezulu enikezelwe kwi-pistachios sele igqithile Iihektare ezingama-83.700, emva kokudibanisa phantse Iihektare ezintsha ezingama-5.200 ngo-2024Imephu icacile: ICastilla-La Mancha igxininisa ubuninzi bokulima, malunga ne-80% yetotali, kwaye yomeleza indima yayo njengendawo yokuqhuba yecandelo, ilandelwa yiAndalusia, i-Extremadura kunye nokukhula okuqhubekayo I-Castile kunye neLeón, i-Aragon, i-Murcia, i-Catalonia kunye ne-Valencian Community.
Ngokumalunga nokuvuna, i-2025 inikwe imveliso edlulayo Iitoni ezingama-7.500 zeepistachios ezomisiweyo kwiqokobhe, apho abanye I-5.600 itoni Bavela eCastilla-La Mancha. Ukuziphatha okutshintshileyo kwemveliso ye-pistachio-iminyaka yokuvelisa kunye neminyaka yokuphumla-kuchaza ukuba kutheni, emva kwe-2024 ebuthathaka, icandelo. buyisela i-traction enemveliso lo msebenzi.
Ngaphandle kwe-epicenter yaseLa Mancha, imimandla efana ne-Urgell (Lleida) iqinisekisa ukulindela okulungileyo: kwizityalo zokuqala (ukususela kwi-2016) isivuno sinokusondela. I-1.500 kg / ha kunyaka olungileyo. Ifestile yokuvuna igxininiswe phakathi kokuphela kukaSeptemba kunye nokuqala kuka-Oktobha, nge iphulo lezempilo elizinzileyo le khosi.
Ngokuphathelele amaxabiso, abavelisi bathetha ngomndilili wokujikeleza 6 € / kg, kunye noluhlu olunokuthi luhambe malunga ne-3 ukuya kwi-10 € / kg ngokuxhomekeke kumgangatho kunye nesivuno. ISpain ihleli intsilelo: Ivelisa ngaphantsi kunokutya kwayo amandongomane, ngoko ke iirhafu zelizwe lesithathu zinempembelelo encinci ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Ishishini liye lakhula ngesantya esifanayo nesommandla wasemaphandleni: i umthamo wokulungisa sele uyiphinda kathathu imveliso okwangoku, ukuphepha imiqobo. Kwinqanaba leshishini, iiprojekthi ezifana ne-Agróptimum ziqalise imigca enomthamo wokuqala wokujikeleza I-1.000 itoni kunye nezicwangciso zokwandisa ukuba I-15.000 itoni kwiminyaka emihlanu, ukuphucula i ukomisa isantya kunye nokuhlelwa emva kokuvuna.
Itekhnoloji, amanzi, kunye nokucubungula: indlela ikhonkco eliba ngayo ubuchwephesha
Ngo-2024 kuphawulwe inguquko: I-100% yamasimi amatsha yasekwa kwi ukunkcenkceshelaInjongo icacile: ukuzinzisa izivuno, ukuphucula ubukhulu kunye nokungatshintshi, kunye nokunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwemveliso okufana nokufuya umhlaba owomileyo. Icandelo lenze inkqubela phambili ukusebenza kakuhle kwamanzi, nangona iingcali zilumkisa ukuba uxinzelelo lwamanzi luya kusinyanzela ukuba sichaneke ngakumbi ekuphatheni kwaye siphakamise imibuzo malunga nokuba yintoni izityalo zifuna amanzi amaninzi.
Idijithali ifikelele kwintsimi yepistachio kunye nezinzwa zokufuma, Drones, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa, iingqwebo zezityalo kunye neendawo zokuhlala zezinambuzane eziluncedo, ukomeleza indalo kunye ukulima ngokuchanekileyo. Kwi-nursery, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziqinisekisiweyo (ezifana ne-UCB-1) kunye iindlela eziphambili zokuxhunyelelwa ziye zamfutshane amaxesha okungena kwimveliso, enemithi eqalisa ukuvelisa iziqhamo malunga neminyaka emithathu.
Ngexesha leentyantyambo kunye nesethi yeziqhamo, iindlela ezintsha ziyasetyenziswa-kuquka inceda ukusasazwa kwemungu—, ifuna ukwandisa ipoleni kwaye uqinisekise isivuno esifanayo. Konke oku kuncediswa yinkqubo ye-agile: ukomisa kunye nokuhlela ngaphantsi kweeyure ezingama-24 ukugcina umgangatho kunye nokutsha, ukongeza kumbono kunye neenkqubo ze-AI ezikwaziyo khetha ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1.000 kg ngeyure ngombala, ubungakanani okanye iiparamitha zebala.
Ukulandeleka kuye kwaba luphawu: ukusuka "kwimbewu kamama" ukuya kwibhegi enkulu, ibhetshi nganye ibekwe esweniAmanyathelo entsebenziswano afana neprojekthi ye-CHIOTEC idibanise izixhobo zoluntu kunye nezabucala ukukhawulezisa izixhobo zebhayoloji kunye nokusombulula. imiqobo kwizityalo zasenkulisa, isitshixo sokugcina isantya samasimi amatsha.
Kunye namathuba, kukho izilumkiso ezisengqiqweni. Iingcali zezoqoqosho kwezolimo zisikhumbuza ukuba ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kufuneka kukhatshwe ibhalansi phakathi konikezelo kunye nemfuno ukunqanda ukuxinana kwamaxabiso, nolawulo lwamanzi ngobulumko xa kujongwa iimeko zembalela ezinokuthi zibe kho. Ukwahluka kwemimandla kunye nokuphuculwa ulawulo lwecandelo (intsebenziswano phakathi kwabavelisi) ibonakala njengeziqwenga ezifanelekileyo.
Ingqesho, ummandla kunye nemarike: impembelelo yasemaphandleni kunye nefestile yaseHoreca
I-pistachio izenzele yona njenge injini yentlalo-ntle kwiindawo ezininzi. Namhlanje eli candelo livelisa ngaphezulu 200.000 imisebenzi ngqo kunye nokungathanga ngqo, kunye nezicwangciso zokudala abanye 100.000 kule minyaka mihlanu izayo. KwiSebe lezoLimo, ukuLoba kunye noKutya, kusekho indawo yokuphucula: kuya kubakho ngaphantsi kwe 40% yomphezulu ityalwe ngokupheleleyo kwimveliso.
ICastilla-La Mancha yeyona ndawo iphambili, kodwa iAndalusia—apho imithi enemvula njengomthi womnquma unika indlela kwezinye iindawo-, i-Extremadura kunye nemimandla ye-Ebro Valley kunye nonxweme lweMeditera ifumana umhlaba. EVillanueva de la Jara (Cuenca) kukho a i-nursery enkulu ekhethekileyo eye yanyusa ingqesho kunye neenkonzo. Inxalenye yabasebenzi igrafti kunye namava ngamazwe, iprofayili kakhulu kwimfuno ukuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nezinga lempumelelo kwindawo yokugcina abantwana.
Kwimarike, isitshixo sikwimizila yexabiso eliphezulu: i I-60% yokusetyenziswa kwehlabathi I-Pistachio igxininiswe eHoreca (iihotele, iindawo zokutyela kunye nokutya), okudingayo imigangatho ephezulu umgangatho, ukhuseleko lokutya, kunye nokulandeleka. ISpain sele izimise kwezi mfuno, inegumbi lokukhula gourmet kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle phakathi kwaseYurophu.
Isicwangciso kukuqhubela phambili ixabiso elongeziweyo kunye nokusebenza ngobungcali kwetsheyini lilonke, ukusuka kwintsimi ukuya kwishishini, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusetyenzwa kokuqala (ukomisa okutsha) emva kokuvuna, indawo ebalulekileyo apho abavelisi bafuna umthamo owaneleyo kunye nokufutshane. Iimodeli zeshishini ezinokungenelela okuncinci kunye nokupakishwa kwe-vacuum eninzi kuphononongwa khusela iimpawu.
Ngengqikelelo yokukhula ngonyaka kufutshane 20%ISpain ijolise ekuqiniseni isikhundla sayo njengelizwe lesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni ngokubhekiselele kumhlaba we-pistachio. Ukutshintshwa kwezityalo ezinemithi (amangile, umnquma, okanye isidiliya) kufakwe imithi yepistachio apho amanani avumayo nabavelisi bekhangela khona. uninzi lwezityalo ezinengeniso, ngelixa izifundo malunga ne-phenology kunye neentyantyambo zikhomba ukomelela okunomdla kwizinto ezibonwayo zemozulu.
Ukusebenza kwamva nje kubonisa icandelo elidibanisayo isikali, iteknoloji kunye nengqesho ukufumana uzinzo olunemveliso kunye nokufumana indawo kumacandelo anzima kakhulu. Ukuba igcina isantya sayo sotyalo-mali, iphucula umbutho wayo, kwaye ikhathalele ukusebenza kakuhle kwamanzi, ishishini lepistachio linqwenela qhubeka ukhula ngamanyathelo aqinileyo kumaphandle aseSpain.
