Las iifom zokwelapha Azisayi kuba zizinto ezingabalulekanga kangako kwaye ziba yintsika ebalulekileyo yempilo yoluntu kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho kwiindawo ezinkulu zasemaphandleni zehlabathi. Ukusuka kwiintaba zaseAsia ukuya kwiindawo zaseYurophu, ukulima nokusetyenziswa kwazo kuhlelwa ngokutsha ngendlela yobungcali, yesayensi, enxulumene nokuveliswa kwengeniso ezinzileyo.
Kwangaxeshanye, umdla okhulayo kwi Amayeza esintu asekelwe kwizityalo Oku kuvule kwakhona ingxoxo malunga nendlela yokudibanisa olu lwazi kwiinkqubo zonyango zanamhlanje ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngumbono wokhuseleko, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo. Oorhulumente, imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, kunye neenkampani ziqala ukuthatha amanyathelo okulawula icandelo, kude kube kutshanje, elisebenza phantse ngokungacwangciswanga ngokupheleleyo.
Ukusuka kwimithombo yasendle ukuya kwicandelo lezoqoqosho elicwangcisiweyo
Kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yasemaphandleni, ingakumbi kwiindawo zeentaba, Izityalo zonyango ziyadlula ukususela ekuqokeleleni okusasazeka kulo lonke ihlathi ukuya ekubeni yinxalenye iiprojekthi zokulima ezicwangcisiweyoIindawo ezineendawo ezintsonkothileyo kunye nemozulu eyahlukeneyo ziziveza njengeendawo zendalo zokwenyani zeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo zonyango, kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo ezinokusetyenziswa kunyango.
Olu tshintsho kwindlela yokwenza izinto lubandakanya ukushiya imodeli yeegadi ezincinci zeentsapho, ezihlala zixutywe phantsi kophahla lwehlathi, ukuze ziqhubekele phambili iindawo zokulima ezixineneyo nezisemgangathweniInjongo icacile kakhulu: ukuqinisekisa imveliso ezinzileyo, elandelekayo nesemgangathweni ophezulu yokubonelela ngeshishini lamayeza kunye nele-phytotherapeutic elinomdla ngakumbi kwizinto eziluhlaza ezivela kwizityalo.
Kwezinye iindawo, kugxilwe kwiintlobo ze ixabiso eliphezulu lezoqoqosho, njengesinamoni okanye iirhizomes ezithile zonyango kunye neengcambu, ezilungele kakuhle umhlaba onamatye kunye nemozulu yeentaba. Ezi ntlobo, ukongeza kwixabiso lazo lokunyanga, zinokuba zizityalo ezibalaseleyo kuluntu olunezinye iindlela ezimbalwa zolimo ezisebenzayo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukutshintshela kwimodeli enobuchule ngakumbi akunazo iingxaki. Imingeni iyaqhubeka. iintsilelo zobugcisa kwimiba ephambili efana nokukhetha iintlobo ngeentlobo, iindlela zokulima nokuvuna, okanye ukugcinwa emva kokuvunaUkongeza koku kukho ubuthathaka kwiziseko zophuhliso, zokugcina kunye nokuguqula izinto, kunye nokungabikho kwezivumelwano zokuthenga ezizinzileyo ezibonelela ngokhuseleko kwabo bavelisayo.
Iiprojekthi ezinkulu zokulima nokucubungula amayeza esintu
Bejongene nale mbono ibanzi yamathuba kunye nobunzima, oorhulumente abahlukeneyo baye baqalisa iinkqubo ezithile zokuphucula iindawo zokulima zezityalo zonyango. Ezi zicwangciso zidibanisa utyalo-mali lukarhulumente, ukuthatha inxaxheba kweenkampani zabucala kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa evela kumaziko ophando, kunye nengcamango yokudala iikhonkco zexabiso ezipheleleyo eziqala ekutyalweni ukuya kwimveliso yokugqibela.
Umzekelo woku ziiprojekthi ezabela imali eninzi uphuhliso lweendawo zokulima ezixabisa kakhulungebhajethi yamakhulu eebhiliyoni zeeyunithi zemali zasekuhlaleni. Kule projekthi, inkampani enye okanye ezingaphezulu zisebenza "njengamandla aqhubayo": zisayina izivumelwano nabasemagunyeni, zenze iibhodi ezithile zolawulo, zigunyazise izifundo ze-topographic kunye ne-geological, kwaye ziqhubele phambili iinkqubo zokusingqongileyo kunye namandla ezifunekayo ukwakha izityalo zokulungisa amayeza.
Ezi projekthi zihlala zigcina imali iindawo ezibalulekileyo zomhlaba Kwiindawo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ezizinikele ekuveliseni izinto ezisemgangathweni ofanayo, izivumelwano zokuqeshisa umhlaba ziyamiselwa ngokusesikweni neentsapho zasekuhlaleni, irenti iyahlawulwa, kwaye utyalo-mali lwenziwa kwiziseko ezisisiseko ezifana nokunkcenkceshela, iindlela zokufikelela, kunye nokulinganisa umhlaba.
Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yomsebenzi ibandakanya ukucwangcisa abalimi kuloo ndawo: Bachonga imizi enomhlaba okhoyo.Kucwangciswe amaphulo okutyala—umzekelo, isinamoni nezinye iintlobo zamayeza—kwaye kumiselwe iishedyuli zokuthengwa kwembewu, izithole, kunye nezichumisi ngokudibeneyo. Kwangaxeshanye, kucwangciswa amaqhinga okwandisa ngokuthe ngcembe indawo etyaliweyo, ngenjongo yokuqinisekisa ukubonelelwa kwezinto eziluhlaza kwizityalo zokucubungula kwixesha elizayo.
Kwezinye izithili, sele zibaliwe amakhulu eehektare zemithi Ezi ndawo, ezenzelwe ukuvelisa amaxolo, amagqabi, okanye iziqhamo zonyango, zityalwa ngqo ziintsapho zasekuhlaleni. Ingcinga kukuba ezi ndawo zibe yinxalenye esisigxina yezolimo, zivelise isivuno esiqhelekileyo esihambelana nezinye izityalo zokutya okanye zamahlathi.
Imingeni yolawulo, yezomthetho, neyolawulo
Nangona kukho utyalo-mali oluphezulu, ezi nkqubo uphuhliso lweendawo zonyango Bahlangabezana nemiqobo engenanto yakwenza nezolimo kune-bureaucracy. Ukudibana koomasipala, utshintsho kwizakhiwo zolawulo, okanye ukungaqiniseki malunga nokuba yeyiphi na intlangano efanele ikhokele le projekthi kunokulibazisa ukusetyenzwa kweelayisenisi kunye neemvume iminyaka.
Ngenxa yale meko, iinkokheli zezopolitiko kwinqanaba lephondo okanye lesithili ziye zabuza amasebe ezolimo nokusingqongileyo Bayacelwa ukuba bahlolisise iifayile ngokupheleleyo, bacacise uxanduva lolawulo, kwaye bacebise izisombululo ezicacileyo zokuvula inqaku ngalinye kwinkqubo. Injongo esemthethweni kukuqinisekisa ukuba iiprojekthi ziyahambelana nemigaqo, ziqhubela phambili ngesantya esifanelekileyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni zifezekise isithembiso sazo sokuphucula uqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni.
Iinkampani eziphambili ziyakhuthazwa ukuba bomeleze unxibelelwano lwabo nabasemagunyeni Amagunya kamasipala kunye noluntu lwasemaphandleni lubalulekile ekukhawuleziseni ukuphunyezwa kweprojekthi kunye nokugcina uluntu lunolwazi. Ngaphandle konxibelelwano olucacileyo, kunzima ukukhuthaza iintsapho ukuba zinikele ngomhlaba, zithathe inxaxheba ekutyaleni, okanye zilungelelanise imisebenzi yazo yasemaphandleni kwiindlela ezintsha zokuvelisa.
Emva kwezi ngxoxo zolawulo kukho umbuzo obalulekileyo: indlela yokusasaza uxanduva kunye neenzuzo phakathi kwecandelo likarhulumente, icandelo labucala, kunye noluntu lwasekuhlaleni, kunye nendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba uphuhliso lweendawo zemifuno yamayeza luguqulela ngokwenene kwi-intanethi. uphuculo olubonakalayo kumgangatho wobomi kwabo bahlala kwezi ndawo.
Iinkqubo zesizwe zokudibanisa izityalo zonyango kunye nophuhliso lwasemaphandleni
Kwimimandla eliqela yaseAsia, kubekho ukuzibophelela ekudibaniseni ukulima iziqholo zamayeza kwiinkqubo ezinkulu Ezi zicwangciso zophuhliso lwezentlalo noqoqosho ezijolise kwiintlanga ezincinci kunye neendawo zeentaba zijolise ekusebenziseni izixhobo zendalo ezikhoyo ukukhuthaza iimodeli zemveliso ezomeleleyo nezinexabiso eliphezulu.
Ngaphakathi kwesi sikhokelo, ukubaluleka kweqhinga kunikwe ukusetyenziswa kwezityalo zonyango njengomthombo ongomnye wengeniso kwizityalo ezikumgangatho ophantsi okanye imisebenzi yokukhupha izinto engazinzileyo. Injongo kukuba ezi ntlobo zezityalo zibe negalelo ekunciphiseni ubuhlwempu kunye nokulondolozwa kwendalo, ukuba nje ukuvunwa kuthathelwa indawo kukulima okucwangcisiweyo nokulawulwayo.
Ezi nkqubo zigxininisa ngokukodwa kwiiprojekthi zezolimo namahlathi ezizinzileyo, ezijolise ekuveliseni iimpahla ezinexabiso eliphantsi uthotho lokuthengisa amayeza emifuno kunye namayezaOku kuvula ithuba lokudalwa kweekoperati, imibutho yabavelisi, kunye namashishini adibeneyo adibanisa umsebenzi wabalimi abancinci kunye neemarike zelizwe nezamazwe ngamazwe.
Abanye oorhulumente badibanisa le mizamo namaqhinga kazwelonke okuxhasa uphuhliso lweshishini layo lezonyangoInjongo kukuqinisekisa ukuba amanye amayeza emveli enziwa kusetyenziswa izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zasekuhlaleni. Oku kubandakanya ukwenza kube lula ukufikelela kwityala, umhlaba, kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa kumashishini, okuwenza akwazi ukuseka iifama zamayeza, iindawo zokomisa, iilabhoratri zokukhupha amayeza, kunye nemigca yemveliso yamayeza asekelwe kwizityalo.
Imizekelo yeefama, iikoperati kunye neemodeli zoluntu
Enyanisweni, ezi nkqubo zithatha uhlobo lweenkqubo ezinobukhulu obahlukeneyo kunye neemilo ezahlukeneyo. Ukusuka kwiifama ezinkulu, ezizodwa ezineehektare ezininzi ukuya iikoperatifti ezincinci zabavelisiBonke babelana ngokuzinikela ekuphuculeni ulawulo lwezityalo zonyango.
Kwezinye iindawo ezineentaba, zenziwe iifama zemifuno ekhethekileyo yezonyango Njengoko utyalo-mali ludlula izigidi ezininzi zeerandi, ezi fama zigxile ekukhuliseni iintlobo ezifana ne-cardamom, iingcambu ezithile, kunye neengcambu ezinuka kamnandi ezisetyenziselwa iinjongo zonyango. Zixhotyiswe ngeziseko zophuhliso lokunkcenkceshela, iindlela zangaphakathi, kunye neendawo zokucubungula eziphambili. Ngaphezu koko, zihlala ziquka iinkqubo zoqeqesho zokufundisa abemi basekuhlaleni iindlela zokulima ezisemgangathweni.
Kwangaxeshanye, ukusebenzisana njengesixhobo ukuze iintsapho zasemaphandleni zikwazi ukuxoxisana ngeemeko ezingcono. Iikoperati zezolimo nezeenkonzo, ezidla ngokwenziwa ngabantu abavela kwiintlanga ezincinci, zidibanisa ukulinywa kwamayeza nezinye iimveliso eziphambili zezolimo, zinceda ekwahlukaniseni ingeniso kunye nokunciphisa iingozi.
Kwezinye iilali, umhlaba obizwa ngokuba awuvelisi mveliso, ngenxa yokuba namatye okanye umhlaba ombi, "uvuselelwe" ngenxa yokwaziswa iintlobo zonyango ezilungelelaniswe kakuhle Ezi meko zinjalo. Isiphumo kukuba iindawo ezazikade zingakhuselekanga ngaphambili zithatha indima entsha kuqoqosho lwengingqi, ngelixa iindlela zokudibanisa ukulima nokukhuselwa kwamahlathi kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo zijongwa.
Ezi modeli, ezisekwisigaba sokudibanisa, ziphakamisa amathuba okuba amayeza esintu aba kwenye yezona njini zibalulekileyo zophuhliso kwiindawo zasemaphandleni ezineendlela ezimbalwa zoqoqosho, ukuba nje zihamba neendlela ezilungileyo zolimo kunye nocwangciso lwexesha elide.
Isayensi, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwamayeza asekelwe kwizityalo
Ngelixa iiprojekthi zasentsimini zisasazwa, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe lusebenza kwelinye icala eliphambili: ukuxhobisa amayeza esintu esintu ngokwesiseko esiqinileyo sesayensi. I-World Health Organisation (WHO) ithathe indima ephambili kule nkqubo, ikhuthaza iintlanganiso zamazwe ngamazwe ezigxile kwindlela yokulawula nokudibanisa olu lwazi kwiinkqubo zempilo zanamhlanje.
Kwingqungquthela ebibanjelwe eAsia kutshanje, i-WHO iphakamise umba wokusetyenziswa kwe iitekhnoloji ezintsha ezifana nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa ukuhlalutya iikhompawundi ezikhoyo kumalungiselelo ezityalo. Ingcinga kukuba i-AI inokuhlola izigidi zezinto, ichonge izinto ezisebenzayo, ifunde ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezityalo ezahlukeneyo kunye namayeza, kwaye ekugqibeleni incede ekufumaneni izibonelelo zonyango ngelixa inciphisa iziphumo ezibi.
Iinkokheli zezopolitiko ezivela kumazwe anesithethe eside sonyango lwezityalo ziye zaxhasa ukwenziwa kwe IZiko leHlabathi lezonyango zeMvelielisebenza njengeqonga lokulungelelanisa uphando, ukuphuhlisa izikhokelo, kunye nokuphakamisa izikhokelo zomthetho. Eli ziko ligxininisa ukuba amayeza emveli—apho amayeza adlala indima ephambili khona—yinto eyenzeka imihla ngemihla kwinxalenye enkulu yabemi behlabathi kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, yeyona ndlela ifikelelekayo okanye ekuphela kwayo ekhoyo.
Iingcali zempilo zamazwe ngamazwe zikwakhankanya ukuba inxenye enkulu i-pharmacopoeia yanamhlanje yasentshona Ivela kwiimveliso zendalo. Amayeza adumileyo afana ne-aspirin, avela kwi-willow bark, okanye iipilisi zokuqala zokuthintela ukukhulelwa, ezenziwe kwiingcambu zeentlobo ezithile zeeyam, yimizekelo emibini nje yendlela uphando kwizityalo zonyango oluye lwakhokelela ngayo kumayeza asetyenziswa kakhulu.
Nangona kunjalo, i-WHO ilumkisa ukuba ukwanda kwemarike yezityalo nako kuyayinyusa imingeni yokhuseleko kunye nokuzinzaAmalungiselelo amaninzi awanazo izifundo ezingqongqo, kwaye imfuno yezithako ezithile inegalelo ekuthengisweni ngokungekho mthethweni kweentlobo zezilwanyana ezisengozini yokuphela. Ke ngoko, ugxininiso lwangoku lusekukhuthazeni uvavanyo lwezonyango, ukomeleza ukubekwa esweni kweziphumo ezibi, kunye nokukhuthaza uthungelwano lokubonelela oluhlonipha ulwahlulo lwezinto eziphilayo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwemifuno yezonyango imihla ngemihla: imeko ye-tereré “jorador”
Ngaphandle kweenkqubo ezinkulu kunye namaqhinga ehlabathi, Amayeza esintu asekhona kubomi bemihla ngemihla bezigidi zabantu ngokusebenzisa amayeza asekhaya kunye nezithethe zemihla ngemihla. Umzekelo obonisayo ufumaneka ekusetyenzisweni kwetereré—isiselo esibandayo esenziwe nge-yerba mate—kwimimandla ethile yaseMzantsi Melika, apho kufakwa khona umxube wemifuno ngeenjongo ezithile.
Phakathi kweendlela ezaziwayo kukho ezibizwa ngokuba tereré “jorador”Ilungiselelwa ngokukodwa emva kokutya okunzima okanye imibhiyozo apho ukutya okuninzi kunye notywala kuninzi khona. Eli gama libhekisa ngqo kumxube wemifuno eyenzelwe "ukucoca" okanye ukucoca umzimba, into efana "nokwenza umzimba usebenze" emva kobusuku obuxakekileyo.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yomntu ngamnye, kucetyiswa oku kulandelayo: iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemifuno yamayeza ukongeza kwi-tereré. Ukunciphisa ukungonwabi kwesisu okunxulunyaniswa nokutya okunzima, izityalo ezifana ne-burrito okanye umhlonyane, ezaziwa ngokwesiko ngeempawu zazo zokugaya ukutya kunye nokutshisa ukutya.
Xa into efunwayo ingaphezulu ukuvuselela nokukhanyaUkuze kuliwe nomvakalelo "wobushushu bangaphakathi," kuqhelekile ukudibanisa iintlobo ezifana ne-white perdudilla, i-kapi'i kati, okanye i-batatilla. Ngamanye amaxesha, injongo kukukhuthaza i-diuresis, kwaye emva koko iingcambu zekhokhonathi, i-sarsaparilla, okanye i-horsetail ziyadlala indima—izityalo ezinxulunyaniswa nokuxhasa inkqubo yomchamo.
Kukwakho nabo bafuna i-tereré ene isiphumo esizolisayo ngakumbiIngakumbi emva kwexesha loxinzelelo okanye ukungalali ngokwaneleyo, kusetyenziswa imixube yemint, i-lemongrass, kunye ne-Paraguay lemon verbena. Kwaye, kwiimeko zokungakhululeki kakhulu esiswini, abanye abantu bakhetha ukulungiselela imixube enezityalo ezifana ne-jaguarete ka'a, omnye umzekelo wendlela ulwazi oludumileyo malunga namayeza ezonyango oludluliselwa ngayo kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana.
Ngazo zonke ezi zinyathelo, Amayeza esintu aya ekhula Ngaxeshanye kwimida emithathu: njengesiseko sokuguqula uqoqosho lwasemaphandleni, njengento yophando lwesayensi exhaswa bubuchwepheshe obuphambili, kwaye njengenxalenye engenakwahlulwa yeendlela zokuzinyamekela ezigxile kakhulu kwiinkcubeko zasekuhlaleni. Umngeni weminyaka ezayo uza kuba kukufumana ulungelelwano phakathi kwesithethe nobungqina, phakathi kokusetyenziswa koqoqosho kunye nokulondolozwa, ukuze eli lifa lezityalo liqhubeke nokuba ngumthombo wempilo namathuba kuluntu oluzikhuselayo.
